Toluene

Formula: C₇H₈
Molecular weight: 92.1384
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 108-88-3
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- Toluene-D3
- Toluene-D8
Other names: Benzene, methyl; Methacide; Methylbenzene; Methylbenzol; Phenylmethane; Antisal 1a; Toluol; Methane, phenyl-; NCI-C07272; Tolueen; Toluen; Toluolo; Rcra waste number U220; Tolu-sol; UN 1294; Dracyl; Monomethyl benzene; CP 25; NSC 406333; methylbenzene (toluene)
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	50.1 ± 1.1	kJ/mol	Review	Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008	There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol.; DRB
Δ_fH°_gas	50.00 ± 0.63	kJ/mol	Ccb	Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945	Hf by Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946; ALS
Δ_fH°_gas	48.0	kJ/mol	N/A	Schmidlin, 1906	Value computed using Δ_fH_liquid° value of 10.0 kj/mol from Schmidlin, 1906 and Δ_vapH° value of 38.0 kj/mol from Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945.; DRB

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

C_p,gas (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
69.85	200.	Draeger, 1985	Recommended values agree better with experimental heat capacities than results of calculation [ Chao J., 1984]. All other statistically calculated values [ Pitzer K.S., 1943, Taylor W.J., 1946, Scott D.W., 1962] are in close agreement with selected ones, except for high temperatures.; GT
94.68	273.15
103.7 ± 0.4	298.15
104.4	300.
139.9	400.
170.8	500.
196.2	600.
217.0	700.
234.3	800.
248.9	900.
261.2	1000.
271.8	1100.
280.8	1200.
288.5	1300.
295.2	1400.
301.0	1500.

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

C_p,gas (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
130.08 ± 0.26	371.20	Scott D.W., 1962	Please also see Montgomery J.B., 1942, Pitzer K.S., 1943, Taylor W.J., 1946.; GT
140.2	390.
137.2 ± 1.3	393.
138.87 ± 0.27	396.20
146.4	410.
149.16 ± 0.30	427.20
149.4 ± 1.7	428.
160.33 ± 0.32	462.20
159.0 ± 1.7	463.
171.46 ± 0.34	500.20

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_liquid	12. ± 1.1	kJ/mol	Review	Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008	There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol.; DRB
Δ_fH°_liquid	12.0 ± 0.63	kJ/mol	Ccb	Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945	Hf by Prosen, Johnson, et al., 1946; ALS
Δ_fH°_liquid			Ccb	Schmidlin, 1906	uncertain value: 10. kJ/mol; Undetermine error; ALS
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_cH°_liquid	-3920. ± 20.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 5 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_liquid	220.96	J/mol*K	N/A	Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962	DH
S°_liquid	219.2	J/mol*K	N/A	Kelley, 1929	DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

C_p,liquid (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
157.09	298.15	Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1993	DH
155.96	298.15	Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988	DH
159.9	303.15	Reddy, 1986	T = 303.15, 313.15 K.; DH
157.08	298.15	Roux-Dexgranges, Grolier, et al., 1986	DH
158.70	298.15	Tardajos, Aicart, et al., 1986	DH
158.7	298.15	Stephens and Olson, 1984	T = 266 to 318 K. Cp given as 0.4117 cal g-1 C-1.; DH
157.0	298.15	Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982	DH
157.15	298.15	Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982	DH
156.0	293.15	Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981	DH
157.0	294.71	Andolenko and Grigor'ev, 1979	T = 293 to 373 K. Unsoothed experimental datum given as 1.704 KJ/kg*K.; DH
157.057	298.15	Fortier and Benson, 1979	DH
157.081	298.15	Fortier and Benson, 1977	DH
156.94	298.15	Wilhelm, Grolier, et al., 1977	DH
157.026	298.15	Fortier and Benson, 1976	DH
156.99	298.15	Holzhauer and Ziegler, 1975	T = 165 to 312 K. Cp = 187.43814 - 0.73026493T + 0.0029613602T2 - 2.8661704x10-6T3 J/mol*K.; DH
158.4	298.15	Pedersen, Kay, et al., 1975	T = 298 to 348 K. Cp(liq) = 154.73 + 0.0981(T/K-273.15) + 0.001949(T/K-273.15)2 J/mol*K (298 to 348 K).; DH
156.8	298.15	Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974	T = 298.15 to 323.15 K.; DH
156.5	298.	Deshpande and Bhatagadde, 1971	T = 298 to 318 K.; DH
158.6	293.	Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967	T = 293 to 373 K.; DH
157.33	298.711	Hwa and Ziegler, 1966	T = 181 to 304 K. Unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH
157.23	298.15	Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962	T = 10 to 360 K.; DH
166.9	324.	Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1958	Mean value 21 to 81 C.; DH
140.	295.	Tschamler, 1948	DH
158.6	298.	Kurbatov, 1947	T = -76 to 60 C, mean Cp, four temperatures.; DH
156.9	298.1	Zhdanov, 1941	T = 5 to 47 C.; DH
157.07	298.2	Burlew, 1940	T = 281 to 383 K.; DH
156.5	298.	Vold, 1937	DH
142.7	227.8	Aoyama and Kanda, 1935	T = 78 to 228 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH
156.5	298.1	Richards and Wallace, 1932	T = 293 to 333 K.; DH
161.9	298.15	Smith and Andrews, 1931	T = 102 to 299 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH
153.09	28.444	Kelley, 1929	T = 14 to 284 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH
151.0	293.2	Williams and Daniels, 1925	T = 20 to 60 C.; DH
153.6	303.	Willams and Daniels, 1924	T = 303 to 343 K. Equation only.; DH
158.2	298.	von Reis, 1881	T = 292 to 390 K.; DH

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_boil	383.8 ± 0.2	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 110 out of 132 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_fus	178.1 ± 0.6	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 24 out of 25 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	178.15	K	N/A	Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962, 2	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 K; TRC
T_triple	178.00	K	N/A	Ziegler and Andrews, 1942	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
T_triple	177.9	K	N/A	Stull, 1937	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
T_triple	177.95	K	N/A	Kelley, 1929, 2	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	593. ± 2.	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 20 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	41. ± 1.	bar	AVG	N/A	Average of 11 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.316	l/mol	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	3.17 ± 0.010	mol/l	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995
ρ_c	3.16	mol/l	N/A	Chirico and Steele, 1994	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	3.15	mol/l	N/A	Goodwin, 1989	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	3.16	mol/l	N/A	Steele, Chirico, et al., 1988	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	3.162	mol/l	N/A	Simon, 1957	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 mol/l; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_vapH°	37. ± 3.	kJ/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_subH°	43.1	kJ/mol	B	Lenchitz and Velicky, 1970	AC

Reduced pressure boiling point

T_boil (K)	Pressure (bar)	Reference	Comment
287.7	0.020	Weast and Grasselli, 1989	BS

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
33.18	383.8	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985
35.7	346.	N/A	Lee and Holder, 1993	Based on data from 331. to 496. K.; AC
40.6	264.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 210. to 279. K.; AC
34.4	398.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 383. to 445. K.; AC
33.2	455.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 440. to 531. K.; AC
33.3	545.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 530. to 592. K.; AC
38.9	284.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 273. to 295. K.; AC
37.0	323.	N/A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 308. to 386. K. See also Forziati, Norris, et al., 1949.; AC
33.5 ± 0.1	380.	C	Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985	AC
32.1 ± 0.1	403.	C	Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985	AC
29.4 ± 0.1	441.	C	Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985	AC
27.1 ± 0.1	470.	C	Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985	AC
24.0 ± 0.1	505.	C	Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985	AC
35.4	333.	N/A	Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984	AC
33.4	373.	N/A	Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984	AC
31.4	413.	N/A	Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984	AC
28.4	453.	N/A	Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984	AC
24.0	493.	N/A	Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984	AC
35.4	360.	N/A	Rivenq, 1975	Based on data from 343. to 383. K.; AC
37.3	318.	N/A	Gaw and Swinton, 1968	Based on data from 303. to 343. K.; AC
36.9	303.	N/A	Van Ness, Soczek, et al., 1967	Based on data from 288. to 348. K.; AC
35.65	341.27	V	Scott, Gutherie, et al., 1962	low T and vapor flow calorimetry; ALS
37.8	278.	N/A	Milazzo, 1956	Based on data from 210. to 293. K.; AC
37.8	301.	N/A	Thomson, 1946	Based on data from 286. to 362. K.; AC
37.0	323.	MM	Willingham, Taylor, et al., 1945	Based on data from 308. to 384. K.; AC
38.8	288.	N/A	Pitzer and Scott, 1943	Based on data from 273. to 323. K.; AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-βT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kJ/mol)
T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Temperature (K)	A (kJ/mol)	β	T_c (K)	Reference	Comment
298. to 410.	53.09	0.2774	591.7	Majer and Svoboda, 1985

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
273.13 to 297.89	4.23679	1426.448	-45.957	Besley and Bottomley, 1974	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
303. to 343.	4.08245	1346.382	-53.508	Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
420.00 to 580.00	4.54436	1738.123	0.394	Ambrose, Broderick, et al., 1967	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
308.52 to 384.66	4.07827	1343.943	-53.773	Williamham, Taylor, et al., 1945
273. to 323.	4.14157	1377.578	-50.507	Pitzer and Scott, 1943	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

Δ_fusH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
6.636	178.15	Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962	DH
6.619	177.95	Kelley, 1929	DH
6.548	178.0	Ziegler and Andrews, 1942, 2	DH
6.61	178.	Domalski and Hearing, 1996	See also Southard and Andrews, 1930.; AC

Entropy of fusion

Δ_fusS (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
37.25	178.15	Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962	DH
37.20	177.95	Kelley, 1929	DH
36.79	178.0	Ziegler and Andrews, 1942, 2	DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₇H₇^- + = Toluene

By formula: C₇H₇^- + H⁺ = C₇H₈

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1599.7 ± 1.9	kJ/mol	D-EA	Gunion, Gilles, et al., 1992	gas phase; Kim, Wenthold, et al., 1999, with LN2 cooling of the ion, gives the same EA; B
Δ_rH°	1593. ± 8.8	kJ/mol	G+TS	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Δ_rH°	1587. ± 8.8	kJ/mol	G+TS	Gal, Decouzon, et al., 2001	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	1577. ± 15.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Graul and Squires, 1990	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	1609. ± 30.	kJ/mol	G+TS	Bohme and Young, 1971	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1564. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Δ_rG°	1557. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Gal, Decouzon, et al., 2001	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	1579. ± 29.	kJ/mol	IMRB	Bohme and Young, 1971	gas phase; B

C₃H₉Si⁺ + Toluene = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₃H₉Si⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	119.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms pi complex; M
Δ_rH°	131.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms pi complex; M
Δ_rH°	111.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	146.	J/mol*K	N/A	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
43.1	468.	PHPMS	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₈ = (Br^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 7.5	kJ/mol	IMRE	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; ΔGaff measured at 303 K, corrected to 423 K, ΔSaff taken as that of PhNO2..Br-; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.	J/mol*K	N/A	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	IMRE	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; ΔGaff measured at 303 K, corrected to 423 K, ΔSaff taken as that of PhNO2..Br-; B

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.4	423.	PHPMS	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

C₄H₉⁺ + Toluene = (C₄H₉⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	120.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms protonated t-butyltoluene; M
Δ_rH°	122.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms protomated t-butyltoluene; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	228.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms protonated t-butyltoluene; M
Δ_rS°	228.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms protomated t-butyltoluene; M

C₇H₈⁺ + Toluene = (C₇H₈⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₇H₈⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₇H₈⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	60.7	kJ/mol	MPI	Ernstberger, Krause, et al., 1990	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	23.	kJ/mol	PI	Ruhl, Bisling, et al., 1986	gas phase; from vIP of perpendicular dimer; M
Δ_rH°	66.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	120.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M

C₆H₇N⁺ + Toluene = (C₆H₇N⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	57.3	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	109.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986	gas phase; M

C₉H₁₂⁺ + Toluene = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₉H₁₂⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	50.2	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	110.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₈ = (NO^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	185.	kJ/mol	ICR	Reents and Freiser, 1981	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M

+ = Toluene +

By formula: HBr + C₇H₇Br = C₇H₈ + Br₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	33.9 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	Eqk	Benson and Buss, 1957	gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = 33. ± 4. kJ/mol; ALS

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₈ = (Cl^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	16.7	kJ/mol	TDEq	French, Ikuta, et al., 1982	gas phase; B

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
17.	300.	PHPMS	French, Ikuta, et al., 1982	gas phase; M

+ = Toluene +

By formula: HI + C₇H₇I = C₇H₈ + I₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-33. ± 4.6	kJ/mol	Cm	Graham, Nichol, et al., 1955	liquid phase; solvent: p-Xylene; ALS

+ 0.5 = Toluene + 0.5

By formula: C₇H₇Br + 0.5H₂ = C₇H₈ + 0.5Br₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-4. ± 2.	kJ/mol	Chyd	Ashcroft, Carson, et al., 1963	liquid phase; ALS

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: I^- + C₇H₈ = (I^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	46.0 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Caldwell, Masucci, et al., 1989	gas phase; B,M

= Toluene

By formula: C₇H₈ = C₇H₈

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-100. ± 10.	kJ/mol	Cm	Bartmess and Griffith, 1990	gas phase; Gas phase acidity; ALS

= Toluene + 0.5

By formula: C₇H₇I = C₇H₈ + 0.5I₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	-41. ± 2.	kJ/mol	Chyd	Ashcroft, Carson, et al., 1963	liquid phase; ALS

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Li⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	116. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Na⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	87. ± 2.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	61.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	67.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (K⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	74.9 ± 4.6	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	222. ± 38.	kJ/mol	RAK	Lin and Dunbar, 1997	RCD

+ = Toluene +

By formula: C₁₀H₁₄ + C₆H₆ = C₇H₈ + C₉H₁₂

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	0.0 ± 0.6	kJ/mol	Eqk	Tsvetkov, Rozhnov, et al., 1985	liquid phase; ALS

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	183. ± 17.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	112. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cs⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	64.0 ± 4.6	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Rb⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	71.1 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: K⁺ + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	79.9 ± 5.0	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	176. ± 14.	kJ/mol	RAK	Lin and Dunbar, 1997	RCD

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₇H₈⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	8.828 ± 0.001	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	784.0	kJ/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	756.3	kJ/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL

Proton affinity at 298K

Proton affinity (kJ/mol)	Reference	Comment
782.4	Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000	Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM

Gas basicity at 298K

Gas basicity (review) (kJ/mol)	Reference	Comment
753.5	Aue, Guidoni, et al., 2000	Experimental literature data re-evaluated by the authors using ab initio protonation entropies; MM

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
8.8276 ± 0.0006	TE	Lu, Eiden, et al., 1992	LL
8.79	PE	Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983	LBLHLM
8.80 ± 0.07	EI	Selim and Helal, 1982	LBLHLM
8.83	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
8.82	EI	McLoughlin, Morrison, et al., 1979	LLK
8.82	PE	Traeger and McLoughlin, 1978	LLK
8.82	PI	Traeger and McLoughlin, 1978	LLK
8.82 ± 0.01	EQ	Lias and Ausloos, 1978	LLK
8.84	PE	Bock, Kaim, et al., 1978	LLK
8.82	PE	Behan, Johnstone, et al., 1976	LLK
8.81	EI	Hoffman, 1974	LLK
8.80	PE	McLean, 1973	LLK
8.78 ± 0.02	PE	Maier and Turner, 1973	LLK
8.91	CTS	Kobayashi, Kobayashi, et al., 1973	LLK
8.8 ± 0.1	EI	Gilbert, Leach, et al., 1973	LLK
8.72	PE	Debies and Rabalais, 1973	LLK
8.67	EI	Cooks, Bertrand, et al., 1973	LLK
8.82	PI	Stebbings and Taylor, 1972	LLK
8.89 ± 0.03	EI	Johnstone and Mellon, 1972	LLK
8.71	CTS	Pitt, 1970	RDSH
8.82	PE	Dewar and Worley, 1969	RDSH
8.80 ± 0.04	EI	Bock, Seidl, et al., 1968	RDSH
8.82 ± 0.02	PI	Akopyan and Vilesov, 1968	RDSH
8.82	PI	Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960	RDSH
8.82 ± 0.01	PI	Watanabe, 1954	RDSH
8.82 ± 0.05	S	Price and Walsh, 1947	RDSH
8.82	PE	Howell, Goncalves, et al., 1984	Vertical value; LBLHLM
8.85	PE	Kobayashi, 1978	Vertical value; LLK
9.00	PE	Klasinc, Novak, et al., 1978	Vertical value; LLK
8.90 ± 0.03	PE	Marschner and Goetz, 1974	Vertical value; LLK
8.82	PE	Bischof, Dewar, et al., 1974	Vertical value; LLK
8.85 ± 0.015	PE	Kobayashi and Nagakura, 1972	Vertical value; LLK
9.0 ± 0.03	PE	Klessinger, 1972	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C₅H₅⁺	16.4 ± 0.2	C₂H₂+H	EI	Tajima and Tsuchiya, 1973	LLK
C₅H₅⁺	16.7	?	EI	Harrison, Haynes, et al., 1965	RDSH
C₆H₅⁺	13.70	CH₃	EI	Hoffman, 1974	LLK
C₆H₅⁺	13.7 ± 0.1	CH₃	EI	Majer and Patrick, 1962	RDSH
C₇H₇⁺	10.94	H	TRPI	Huang and Dunbar, 1991	T = 0K; LL
C₇H₇⁺	10.70 ± 0.09	H	EI	Selim and Helal, 1982	LBLHLM
C₇H₇⁺	10.71	H	EI	McLoughlin, Morrison, et al., 1979	LLK
C₇H₇⁺	10.71	H	PI	Traeger and McLoughlin, 1978	LLK
C₇H₇⁺	10.71 ± 0.03	H	TE	Traeger and McLoughlin, 1977	LLK
C₇H₇⁺	11.8	H	EI	Hoffman, 1974	LLK
C₇H₇⁺	11.55 ± 0.05	H	PI	Akopyan and Vilesov, 1968	RDSH
C₇H₇⁺	11.7 ± 0.1	H	EI	Nounou, 1966	RDSH
C₇H₇⁺[C₆H₅CH₂⁺]	10.7 ± 0.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993	T = 298K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[C₆H₅CH₂⁺]	11.1 ± 0.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993	T = 0K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[C₆H₅CH₂⁺]	11.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993, 2	T = 0K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[C₆H₅CH₂⁺]	11.17 ± 0.10	H	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1983	T = 0K; LBLHLM
C₇H₇⁺[C₆H₅CH₂⁺]	11.17 ± 0.10	H	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1983, 2	T = 0K; LBLHLM
C₇H₇⁺[c-C₇H₇⁺]	11.1 ± 0.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993	T = 0K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[c-C₇H₇⁺]	10.7 ± 0.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993	T = 298K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[c-C₇H₇⁺]	11.1	H	PI	Lifshitz, Gotkis, et al., 1993, 2	T = 0K; LL
C₇H₇⁺[c-C₇H₇⁺]	10.52 ± 0.07	H	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1983	T = 0K; LBLHLM
C₇H₇⁺[c-C₇H₇⁺]	10.52 ± 0.10	H	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1983, 2	T = 0K; LBLHLM

De-protonation reactions

C₇H₇^- + = Toluene

By formula: C₇H₇^- + H⁺ = C₇H₈

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	1599.7 ± 1.9	kJ/mol	D-EA	Gunion, Gilles, et al., 1992	gas phase; Kim, Wenthold, et al., 1999, with LN2 cooling of the ion, gives the same EA; B
Δ_rH°	1593. ± 8.8	kJ/mol	G+TS	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Δ_rH°	1587. ± 8.8	kJ/mol	G+TS	Gal, Decouzon, et al., 2001	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	1577. ± 15.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Graul and Squires, 1990	gas phase; B
Δ_rH°	1609. ± 30.	kJ/mol	G+TS	Bohme and Young, 1971	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	1564. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
Δ_rG°	1557. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Gal, Decouzon, et al., 2001	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	1579. ± 29.	kJ/mol	IMRB	Bohme and Young, 1971	gas phase; B

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₈ = (Br^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36. ± 7.5	kJ/mol	IMRE	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; ΔGaff measured at 303 K, corrected to 423 K, ΔSaff taken as that of PhNO2..Br-; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	84.	J/mol*K	N/A	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	0.4 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	IMRE	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; ΔGaff measured at 303 K, corrected to 423 K, ΔSaff taken as that of PhNO2..Br-; B

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
0.4	423.	PHPMS	Paul and Kebarle, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

C₃H₉Si⁺ + Toluene = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₃H₉Si⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	119.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms pi complex; M
Δ_rH°	131.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms pi complex; M
Δ_rH°	111.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	146.	J/mol*K	N/A	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
43.1	468.	PHPMS	Wojtyniak and Stone, 1986	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder((CH3)3Si+)C6H6, Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

C₄H₉⁺ + Toluene = (C₄H₉⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	120.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms protonated t-butyltoluene; M
Δ_rH°	122.	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms protomated t-butyltoluene; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	228.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; toluene D8, forms protonated t-butyltoluene; M
Δ_rS°	228.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Stone and Stone, 1991	gas phase; forms protomated t-butyltoluene; M

C₆H₇N⁺ + Toluene = (C₆H₇N⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	57.3	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	109.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986	gas phase; M

C₇H₈⁺ + Toluene = (C₇H₈⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₇H₈⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₇H₈⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	60.7	kJ/mol	MPI	Ernstberger, Krause, et al., 1990	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	23.	kJ/mol	PI	Ruhl, Bisling, et al., 1986	gas phase; from vIP of perpendicular dimer; M
Δ_rH°	66.9	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	120.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M

C₉H₁₂⁺ + Toluene = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • Toluene )

By formula: C₉H₁₂⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	50.2	kJ/mol	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	110.	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-Ner (Mautner), Hamlet, et al., 1978	gas phase; M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₈ = (Cl^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	16.7	kJ/mol	TDEq	French, Ikuta, et al., 1982	gas phase; B

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kJ/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
17.	300.	PHPMS	French, Ikuta, et al., 1982	gas phase; M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	176. ± 14.	kJ/mol	RAK	Lin and Dunbar, 1997	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	222. ± 38.	kJ/mol	RAK	Lin and Dunbar, 1997	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Cs⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	64.0 ± 4.6	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	61.5 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: I^- + C₇H₈ = (I^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	46.0 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Caldwell, Masucci, et al., 1989	gas phase; B,M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: K⁺ + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	79.9 ± 5.0	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (K⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	74.9 ± 4.6	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	183. ± 17.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Li⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	116. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₈ = (NO^- • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	185.	kJ/mol	ICR	Reents and Freiser, 1981	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	112. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Na⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	87. ± 2.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

+ Toluene = ( • Toluene )

By formula: Rb⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	71.1 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

( • Toluene ) + Toluene = ( • 2 Toluene )

By formula: (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	67.8 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	CIDT	Amunugama and Rodgers, 2002	RCD

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Additional Data

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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.

Owner	NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin	Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW- 67
NIST MS number	227551

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.

UV/Visible spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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Additional Data

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Source	Ramart-Lucas and Bertucat, 1951
Owner	INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin	INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference	RAS UV No. 415
Instrument	n.i.g.
Melting point	-94.9
Boiling point	110.6

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	RTX-5	100.	785.29	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2
Capillary	RTX-5	120.	792.81	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2
Capillary	RTX-5	60.	774.14	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2
Capillary	RTX-5	80.	778.14	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2
Capillary	HP-1	0.	759.7	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	10.	754.8	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	20.	760.9	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	30.	755.2	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	40.	752.6	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	50.	751.6	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	60.	755.3	Wang, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Packed	PMS-1000	90.	786.	Arutyunov, Kudryashov, et al., 2004	N2, Chromaton N-AW-DMCS; Column length: 2. m
Capillary	HP-5	100.	782.2	Pérez-Parajón, Santiuste, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-5	120.	787.7	Pérez-Parajón, Santiuste, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	DB-1	313.	751.72	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	323.	753.79	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	333.	756.18	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	343.	758.31	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	353.	760.55	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	363.	763.41	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	373.	765.53	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	383.	767.08	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	393.	769.68	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	403.	773.08	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	413.	774.96	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-1	423.	777.86	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	313.	767.72	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	323.	770.81	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	333.	772.35	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	343.	774.88	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	353.	776.58	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	363.	779.16	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	373.	781.85	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	383.	784.33	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	DB-5	393.	787.46	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	150.	773.24	Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 2002	He; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.24 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	743.7	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	60.	746.2	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	70.	748.7	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	80.	751.2	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	90.	753.5	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	100.	756.2	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	Squalane	110.	758.8	Wick, Siepmann, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	OV-101	40.	750.1	Chen, Liang, et al., 2001	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	60.	754.9	Chen, Liang, et al., 2001	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-1	170.	786.91	Kuhn, 2001	30. m/0.53 mm/3. μm, He
Packed	C78, Branched paraffin	130.	784.0	Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000	He; Column length: 3.3 m
Capillary	HP-101	60.	756.97	Garay, 2000	50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, H2
Capillary	HP-101	60.	756.97	Garay, 2000	50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, H2
Capillary	OV-1	100.	766.3	Zhu, Zhang, et al., 1999	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-1	140.	767.	Beens, Tijssen, et al., 1998	10. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	DB-1	60.	754.	Beens, Tijssen, et al., 1998	10. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
Capillary	DB-1	60.	758.	Dewulf, Van Langenhove, et al., 1997	30. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, He
Capillary	OV-101	0.	746.	Skrbic, 1997
Capillary	OV-1	150.	780.	Zhang, Chen, et al., 1997	25. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2
Capillary	OV-1	150.	779.	Zhang, Chen, et al., 1997	25. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2
Packed	OV-101	100.	765.5	Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996	N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
Packed	OV-101	110.	768.4	Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996	N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
Packed	OV-101	80.	761.8	Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996	N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
Packed	OV-101	90.	763.	Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996	N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
Capillary	CP Sil 2	60.	757.5	Estel, Mohnke, et al., 1995	100. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	CP Sil 2	80.	764.5	Estel, Mohnke, et al., 1995	100. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	OV-101	150.	777.1	Cha and Lee, 1994	Column length: 20. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	OV-101	180.	786.9	Cha and Lee, 1994	Column length: 20. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	DB-1	60.	756.2	Krupcik, Skacani, et al., 1994	H2; Phase thickness: 0.25 μm
Capillary	PONA	60.	756.5	Krupcik, Skacani, et al., 1994	H2; Phase thickness: 0.5 μm
Capillary	PONA	60.	756.6	Krupcik, Skacani, et al., 1994	H2; Phase thickness: 0.5 μm
Capillary	DB-1	60.	756.7	Krupcik, Skacani, et al., 1994	H2; Phase thickness: 1. μm
Capillary	OV-101	60.	756.5	Krupcik, Skacani, et al., 1994	H2; Phase thickness: 0.2 μm
Packed	OV-101	120.	771.6	Hassani and Meklati, 1992	N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	757.	Hongwei and Zhide, 1992	H2, Silanized white support (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m
Packed	C78, Branched paraffin	130.	784.0	Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992	Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m
Capillary	BP-1	0.	749.	Skrbic and Cvejanov, 1992	15. m/0.53 mm/1.0 μm, N2
Capillary	HP-1	60.	756.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	60.	756.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	100.	766.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	100.	766.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	SPB-1	60.	757.	Castello, Vezzani, et al., 1991	N2; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm
Packed	Apolane	130.	786.	Dutoit, 1991	Column length: 3.7 m
Capillary	OV-1	100.	766.	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	OV-1	120.	771.4	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Dimov and Mekenyan, 1989	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-1	45.	753.6	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	OV-1	60.	756.6	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	OV-1	65.	758.4	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	OV-1	75.	759.9	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	SE-54	60.	771.9	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	SE-54	75.	775.4	Guan, Kiraly, et al., 1989	25. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Matisová, Kovacicová, et al., 1989	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Packed	Squalane	70.	752.	Safina, Poznyak, et al., 1989	He, Risorb (0.2-0.3 mm); Column length: 2. m
Capillary	HP-1	60.	759.	Bangjie, Yijian, et al., 1988	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	60.	760.	Bangjie, Yijian, et al., 1988	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	40.	753.	Laub and Purnell, 1988
Capillary	OV-101	60.	757.	Laub and Purnell, 1988
Capillary	OV-101	80.	762.	Laub and Purnell, 1988
Capillary	Squalane	50.	744.1	Lunskii and Paizanskaya, 1988	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	749.	Lunskii and Paizanskaya, 1988	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	767.	Engewald, Topalova, et al., 1987	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.30 mm
Packed	Squalane	80.	753.	Fernández-Sánchez, García-Domínguez, et al., 1987	H2
Capillary	Squalane	100.	758.	Nabivach and Vasiliev, 1987
Capillary	Nonpolar	45.	744.	Stoyanov and Dimov, 1987
Capillary	Nonpolar	52.5	746.	Stoyanov and Dimov, 1987
Capillary	Nonpolar	60.	748.	Stoyanov and Dimov, 1987
Capillary	OV-101	40.	754.0	Boneva and Dimov, 1986	100. m/0.27 mm/0.9 μm
Capillary	OV-101	50.	756.1	Boneva and Dimov, 1986	100. m/0.27 mm/0.9 μm
Capillary	OV-101	60.	758.0	Boneva and Dimov, 1986	100. m/0.27 mm/0.9 μm
Capillary	OV-101	70.	759.8	Boneva and Dimov, 1986	100. m/0.27 mm/0.9 μm
Packed	SE-30	180.	788.	Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1985	N2, Chromosorb A AW; Column length: 3. m
Packed	SE-30	42.	753.	Rudenko, Mal'tsev, et al., 1985	Column length: 3. m
Packed	SE-30	180.	788.	Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1984	N2, Chromosorb W AW; Column length: 3. m
Packed	SE-30	150.	780.	Tiess, 1984	Ar, Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m
Packed	OV-1	120.	771.	Valko, Papp, et al., 1984	Gas Chrom Q; Column length: 2. m
Capillary	OV-101	100.	764.	Boneva, Papazova, et al., 1983	N2; Column length: 85. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Boneva, Papazova, et al., 1983	N2; Column length: 85. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	764.	Boneva, Papazova, et al., 1983	N2; Column length: 85. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	110.	766.	Boneva, Papazova, et al., 1983	N2; Column length: 85. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	90.	762.	Boneva, Papazova, et al., 1983	N2; Column length: 85. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	30.	751.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-101	40.	753.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-101	50.	755.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-101	60.	757.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-101	70.	759.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-101	80.	761.	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983
Capillary	OV-3	30.	772.3	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	OV-3	40.	774.4	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	OV-3	50.	776.7	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	OV-3	60.	779.0	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	OV-3	70.	781.5	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	OV-3	80.	784.2	Chien, Furio, et al., 1983, 2
Capillary	Squalane	106.	757.	Kugucheva and Mashinsky, 1983	He; Column length: 100. m
Capillary	Squalane	96.	755.	Kugucheva and Mashinsky, 1983	He; Column length: 100. m
Capillary	DB-1	60.	756.2	Lubeck and Sutton, 1983	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.264 mm
Capillary	DB-1	60.	756.7	Lubeck and Sutton, 1983	60. m/0.259 mm/1. μm
Capillary	SE-30	70.	759.9	Tóth, 1983	N2; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	SE-30	100.	767.	Winskowski, 1983	Gaschrom Q; Column length: 2. m
Capillary	OV-1	50.	754.	Anders, Scheller, et al., 1982	Column length: 55. m; Column diameter: 0.21 mm
Capillary	SE-30	130.	774.	Bredael, 1982	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	80.	761.	Bredael, 1982	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1982	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.30 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	772.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1982	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.30 mm
Capillary	OV-101	140.	782.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1982	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.30 mm
Capillary	OV-101	50.	756.	Johansen and Ettre, 1982	100. m/0.27 mm/0.20 μm
Capillary	OV-101	50.	756.	Johansen and Ettre, 1982	55. m/0.27 mm/0.9 μm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.	Macák, Nabivach, et al., 1982	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	96.	757.1	Macák, Nabivach, et al., 1982	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.4	Gerasimenko, Kirilenko, et al., 1981	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	771.5	Gerasimenko, Kirilenko, et al., 1981	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	OV-101	140.	781.5	Gerasimenko, Kirilenko, et al., 1981	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	OV-1	60.	758.	Nijs and Jacobs, 1981	He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-30	80.	761.4	Albaigés and Guardino, 1980	He; Column length: 64. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	80.	750.	Albaigés and Guardino, 1980	He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Apiezon L	100.	791.	Morishita, Okano, et al., 1980	Column length: 45. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	100.	757.	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1980	He, Chromaton N-AW-HMDS; Column length: 1. m
Capillary	Squalane	50.	745.2	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	750.	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	744.2	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	749.3	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	754.7	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.0	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.3	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.5	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	70.	749.8	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	70.	751.2	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	754.0	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.0	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	70.	749.2	Drozd, Novák, et al., 1978	Column length: 10. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	749.4	Drozd, Novák, et al., 1978	Column length: 10. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	755.0	Nabivach, Bur'yan, et al., 1978	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	96.	757.1	Nabivach, Bur'yan, et al., 1978	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	760.	Engewald and Wennrich, 1976	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	746.	Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976	He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	731.4	Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976	He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	731.4	Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976	He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Apolane	70.	766.8	Riedo, Fritz, et al., 1976	He, Chromosorb; Column length: 2.4 m
Capillary	Squalane	60.	747.	Ryba, 1976	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	60.	750.	Ryba, 1976	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	80.	751.68	Soják and Rijks, 1976	H2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Vernon and Edwards, 1975	N2, DCMS-treated Celite; Column length: 1. m
Packed	SE-30	110.	770.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974	N2, Chrom W; Column length: 6.1 m
Packed	SE-30	120.	773.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974	N2, Chrom W; Column length: 6.1 m
Packed	SE-30	130.	776.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974	N2, Chrom W; Column length: 6.1 m
Packed	SE-30	140.	778.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974	N2, Chrom W; Column length: 6.1 m
Capillary	SE-30	130.	772.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 6.1 m; Column diameter: 3.18 mm
Capillary	SE-30	140.	776.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 6.1 m; Column diameter: 3.18 mm
Capillary	SE-30	150.	778.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 6.1 m; Column diameter: 3.18 mm
Capillary	SE-30	160.	781.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 6.1 m; Column diameter: 3.18 mm
Capillary	SE-30	170.	785.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 6.1 m; Column diameter: 3.18 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	763.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974, 2	H2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	745.	Rijks and Cramers, 1974	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	750.	Rijks and Cramers, 1974	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.7	Svob, Deur-Siftar, et al., 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.7	Svob, Deur-Siftar, et al., 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.7	Svob, Deur-Siftar, et al., 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.7	Svob, Deur-Siftar, et al., 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.7	Svob, Deur-Siftar, et al., 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	757.6	Svob and Deur-Siftar, 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	758.0	Svob and Deur-Siftar, 1974	He; Column length: 10.5 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	50.	755.	Pacáková, Hoch, et al., 1973	25. m/0.25 mm/1.39 μm, N2
Capillary	OV-101	60.	756.	Pacáková, Hoch, et al., 1973	25. m/0.25 mm/1.39 μm, N2
Capillary	Squalane	120.	757.	Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972	N2, Celite 545; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	753.	Agrawal, Tesarík, et al., 1972	N2, Celite 545; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	Vacuum Grease Oil (VM-4)	35.	760.	Sidorov, Petrova, et al., 1972
Capillary	Vacuum Grease Oil (VM-4)	45.	763.	Sidorov, Petrova, et al., 1972
Capillary	Vacuum Grease Oil (VM-4)	50.	764.	Sidorov, Petrova, et al., 1972
Capillary	Vacuum Grease Oil (VM-4)	58.	767.	Sidorov, Petrova, et al., 1972
Capillary	Vacuum Grease Oil (VM-4)	68.	773.	Sidorov, Petrova, et al., 1972
Packed	Squalane	50.	747.0	Takács, Tálas, et al., 1972	N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 3. m
Capillary	Squalane	70.	746.8	Dimov and Schopov, 1971	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	SE-30	75.	759.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	758.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Embacel; Column length: 3.0 m
Packed	Apiezon L	100.	763.	Wagaman and Smith, 1971	CH4; Column length: 3. m
Capillary	Squalane	80.	754.7	Wallaert, 1971	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	92.	758.	Krupcík, Liska, et al., 1970	N2; Column length: 45. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	Squalane	115.	761.1	Krupcík, Liska, et al., 1970	N2; Column length: 200. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	Squalane	115.	760.7	Soják and Bucinská, 1970	N2; Column length: 200. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	754.2	Soják and Bucinská, 1970	N2; Column length: 200. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Packed	Apiezon L	100.	788.	Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968	N2, DCMS-treated Chromosorb W; Column length: 2.3 m
Packed	Squalane	27.	740.6	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	49.	747.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	67.	751.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	86.	756.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Apiezon L	100.	789.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 10. m
Packed	Apiezon L	120.	796.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 10. m
Packed	Apiezon L	80.	783.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 10. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Squalane	120.	763.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Squalane	140.	769.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Squalane	80.	753.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.4	Evans and Smith, 1967	H2/N2=3/1, Celite; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Evans and Smith, 1967	H2/N2=3/1, Celite; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Squalane	22.	738.	Evans, 1966	Untreated celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	30.	739.	Evans, 1966	Untreated celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	40.	742.	Evans, 1966	Untreated celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	55.	750.	Evans, 1966	Untreated celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	70.	752.	Evans, 1966	Untreated celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	DC-200	100.	767.	Rohrschneider, 1966	Column length: 4. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	757.	Rohrschneider, 1966	Column length: 5. m
Packed	Apiezon L	100.	787.	Rohrschneider, 1966	Column length: 5. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	759.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.2 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	750.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.2 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	753.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.2 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	747.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	751.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Ar, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	757.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	748.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	752.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 1.8 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Mixture, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	748.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Mixture, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	751.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	Mixture, Celite; Column length: 1.5 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	761.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	751.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	755.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	776.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	768.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	772.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	756.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 1. m
Packed	Squalane	65.	748.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 1. m
Packed	Squalane	78.	752.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	He, Celite; Column length: 1. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	761.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Sterchamol; Column length: 4. m
Packed	Squalane	65.	751.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Sterchamol; Column length: 4. m
Packed	Squalane	78.	755.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	N2, Sterchamol; Column length: 4. m
Packed	Squalane	100.	752.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	H2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	65.	744.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	H2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	78.	749.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965	H2, Celite; Column length: 0.9 m
Packed	Squalane	100.	758.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965
Packed	Squalane	65.	749.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965
Packed	Squalane	78.	753.	Adlard, Evans, et al., 1965

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	CBP-1	758.	Shimadzu, 2003	25. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-5	769.	Buchin, Salmon, et al., 2002	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 2. min
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Takeoka, Perrino, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-1	755.	Takeoka, Perrino, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-5	763.	Ramarathnam, Rubin, et al., 1993	He, 30. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 280. C @ 3. min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.13 mm
Capillary	DB-5	746.	Ramarathnam, Rubin, et al., 1993, 2	He, 30. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 280. C @ 3. min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.13 mm
Capillary	SE-54	758.	Rembold, Wallner, et al., 1989	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 0. C @ 12. min, 12. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	748.	Hayes and Pitzer, 1982	110. m/0.25 mm/0.20 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-101	764.	Yamaguchi and Shibamoto, 1981	N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 70. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-101	765.	Yamaguchi and Shibamoto, 1981	N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 70. m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Apiezon L	776.	Louis, 1971	N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 60. C

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-1	776.	Wongpornchai, Sriseadka, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C => 2C/min => 100C => 5C/min => 230C(2min)
Capillary	DB-5MS	759.	Maia, Andrade, et al., 2000	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C => 2C/min => 60C => 4C/min => 260C
Capillary	Petrocol DH-100	752.	Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997	He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min)
Capillary	DB-1	755.	Hoekman, 1993	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min
Packed	Apiezon M	788.2	Jalali-Heravi and Garkani-Nejad, 1993	Chromosorb W; Column length: 2. m; Program: not specified
Capillary	Squalane	760.	Papazova and Pankova, 1975	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	ZB-Wax	100.	1077.5	Pérez-Parajón, Santiuste, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	ZB-Wax	120.	1088.3	Pérez-Parajón, Santiuste, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	DB-Wax	40.	1043.09	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	50.	1049.50	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	60.	1057.61	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	70.	1068.53	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	80.	1076.25	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	90.	1084.20	Ciaznska-Halarewicz and Kowalska, 2003	Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	150.	1026.	Egazaryants and Maximov, 1998	He; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	150.	1030.	Egazaryants and Maximov, 1998	He; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	PEG-20M	80.	1039.5	Orav, Kuningas, et al., 1994	50. m/0.2 mm/0.13 μm, He
Capillary	PEG-20M	80.	1052.3	Orav, Kuningas, et al., 1994	50. m/0.2 mm/0.19 μm, He
Capillary	PEG-20M	80.	1054.2	Orav, Kuningas, et al., 1994	50. m/0.2 mm/0.22 μm, He
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	60.	1057.	Castello, Vezzani, et al., 1991	N2; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	100.	1067.04	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	110.	1071.62	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	120.	1076.10	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	70.	1053.89	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	80.	1057.98	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	90.	1062.76	Podmaniczky, Szepesy, et al., 1985
Capillary	PEG-20M	70.	1049.5	Tóth, 1983	N2; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Packed	Carbowax 20M	100.	1068.2	Vernon and Suratman, 1983	He, A silanized white support; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	110.	1073.3	Vernon and Suratman, 1983	He, A silanized white support; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	120.	1078.4	Vernon and Suratman, 1983	He, A silanized white support; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	130.	1083.4	Vernon and Suratman, 1983	He, A silanized white support; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	140.	1088.5	Vernon and Suratman, 1983	He, A silanized white support; Column length: 2. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	75.	1054.	Goebel, 1982	N2, Kieselgur (60-100 mesh); Column length: 2. m
Capillary	PEG-20M	100.	1054.	Morishita, Okano, et al., 1980	Column length: 75. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Carbowax 20M	150.	1069.7	Ellis and Still, 1979	Chromosorb W, AW-DMCS
Packed	Carbowax 20M	115.	1072.9	Ellis and Still, 1979	Chromosorb G
Packed	Carbowax 20M	115.	1073.4	Ellis and Still, 1979	Chromosorb G
Packed	Carbowax 20M	150.	1069.7	Ellis and Still, 1979	Chromosorb W, AW-DMCS
Packed	Carbowax 20M	165.	1090.9	Ellis and Still, 1979, 2	Chromosorb W, AW-DMCS
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	100.	1043.2	Engewald and Wennrich, 1976	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	90.	1027.1	Döring, Estel, et al., 1974	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Packed	PEG-2000	150.	1077.	Anderson, Jurel, et al., 1973	He, Celite 545 (44-60 mesh); Column length: 3. m
Packed	PEG-2000	152.	1077.	Anderson, Jurel, et al., 1973	He, Celite 545 (44-60 mesh); Column length: 3. m
Packed	PEG-2000	180.	1093.	Anderson, Jurel, et al., 1973	He, Celite 545 (44-60 mesh); Column length: 3. m
Packed	Polyethylene Glycol 4000	100.	1071.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Polyethylene Glycol 4000	120.	1078.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Polyethylene Glycol 4000	140.	1085.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Polyethylene Glycol 4000	80.	1064.	Bonastre and Grenier, 1967	Chromosorb P; Column length: 6. m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	100.	1066.	Rohrschneider, 1966	Column length: 2. m

Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	CBP-20	1042.	Shimadzu, 2003	25. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1037.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 1994	He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1042.	Wong and Teng, 1994	He, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1042.	Shimoda and Shibamoto, 1990	He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1040.	Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1041.	Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1037.	Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1041.	Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1019.	Nishimura, Yamaguchi, et al., 1989	2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1038.	Umano and Shibamoto, 1987	He, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Packed	PEG-20M	1066.	Galt and MacLeod, 1984	N2, Celite, 70. C @ 9. min, 10. K/min; Column length: 5.5 m; T_end: 175. C
Capillary	BP-20	1055.	MacLeod and Pieris, 1983	H2, 65. C @ 3. min, 12. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm; T_end: 180. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	SPB-5	771.	Engel and Ratel, 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-5	771.	Methven L., Tsoukka M., et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 260. C @ 10. min
Capillary	SPB-5	769.	Deport, Ratel, et al., 2006	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
Capillary	RTX-5	779.2	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 40. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 300. C @ 10. min
Capillary	RTX-5	796.8	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 40. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 300. C @ 10. min
Capillary	CP-Sil 8CB-MS	765.	Elmore, Cooper, et al., 2005	0. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 280. C @ 5. min
Capillary	5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane	784.	Estevez, Ventanas, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 7. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-5	779.	Insausti, Goñi, et al., 2005	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, He, 35. C @ 15. min, 8. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-5MS	773.	Pino, Mesa, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-5	784.	Solina, Baumgartner, et al., 2005	25. m/0.2 mm/1. μm, He, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 5. min; T_start: 40. C
Capillary	CP-Sil 8CB-MS	769.	Hierro, de la Hoz, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 280. C @ 5. min
Capillary	SPB-5	775.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2004	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	SPB-5	776.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2004, 2	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	755.4	Censullo, Jones, et al., 2003	50. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-5	750.	Flamini, Luigi Cioni, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 60. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	HP-5	760.	Isidorov, Vinogorova, et al., 2003	25. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 150. C
Capillary	SPB-1	747.02	LECO Corporation, 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 250. C @ 2. min
Capillary	SPB-1	747.41	LECO Corporation, 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 250. C @ 2. min
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	744.	Pino, Almora, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 280. C @ 60. min
Capillary	DB-5	758.9	Song, Lai, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-5	761.3	Song, Lai, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-5	761.7	Song, Lai, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 6. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-5	770.8	Xu, van Stee, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 2.5 K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	BPX-5	773.	Bredie, Mottram, et al., 2002	50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	766.	Oruna-Concha, Ames, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
Capillary	SPB-5	776.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-5	760.	Isidorov, Krajewska, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-1	752.	Kim, 2001	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	SPB-Sulfur	756.5	de Lacy Costello, Evans, et al., 2001	30. m/0.32 mm/4. μm, 40. C @ 12.5 min, 4. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	SPB-1	761.	Larráyoz, Addis, et al., 2001	30. m/0.32 mm/4. μm, He, 45. C @ 13. min, 5. K/min, 240. C @ 5. min
Capillary	OV-101	751.5	Yin, Liu, et al., 2001	N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 80. m; Column diameter: 0.22 mm; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 130. C
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	771.	Elmore, Mottram, et al., 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	760.	Chevance and Farmer, 1999	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	757.	Yassaa, Meklati, et al., 1999	25. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 8. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	BPX-5	777.	Aaslyng, Elmore, et al., 1998	50. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	DB-1	742.	Beens, Tijssen, et al., 1998	10. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 225. C
Capillary	SPB-5	768.	Verdier-Metz., Coulon, et al., 1998	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 2. min
Capillary	SE-54	756.	Li, Wang, et al., 1998	H2, 35. C @ 3. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	SE-54	756.	Li, Wang, et al., 1998	H2, 35. C @ 3. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	SE-54	762.9	Kivi-Etelätalo, Kostiainen, et al., 1997	50. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 220. C @ 5. min
Capillary	PONA	746.5	Martos, Saraullo, et al., 1997	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, 35. C @ 0.5 min, 1. K/min, 220. C @ 8. min
Capillary	PONA	747.1	Martos, Saraullo, et al., 1997	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, 35. C @ 0.5 min, 1. K/min, 220. C @ 8. min
Capillary	OV-1	750.1	Gautzsch and Zinn, 1996	8. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 300. C
Capillary	DB-1	753.2	Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, 6. K/min; T_start: -50. C; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-5	767.6	Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996	60. m/0.33 mm/0.25 μm, 6. K/min; T_start: -50. C; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-5	758.9	Lai and Song, 1995	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-5	761.3	Lai and Song, 1995	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-5	761.7	Lai and Song, 1995	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 6. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 310. C
Capillary	DB-1	751.	Specht and Baltes, 1994	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min, 280. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	748.39	Subramaniam, Bochniak, et al., 1994	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	749.03	Subramaniam, Bochniak, et al., 1994	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	HP-101	762.	Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1993	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 70. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Ultra-1	751.	Olson, Sinkevitch, et al., 1992	4. K/min; T_start: -40. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-1	754.	Peng, Hua, et al., 1992	30. m/0.32 mm/1.5 μm, 40. C @ 4. min, 8. K/min; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	748.65	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	749.	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	749.	White, Hackett, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Packed	SE-30	775.	Fischer and Kusch, 1990	Chromosorb W AW (80-100 mesh), 5. K/min; Column length: 1.5 m; T_start: 60. C; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	DB-5	759.	Morinaga, Hara, et al., 1990	15. m/0.53 mm/1.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 90. C
Capillary	HP-1	756.8	Bangjie, Xijian, et al., 1987	N2, 10. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	HP-1	753.4	Bangjie, Xijian, et al., 1987	N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	HP-1	752.8	Bangjie, Xijian, et al., 1987	N2, 30. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	SPB-1	763.	Huang, Bruechert, et al., 1987	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min, 235. C @ 40. min
Capillary	SPB-1	763.	Huang, Bruechert, et al., 1987	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min, 235. C @ 40. min
Capillary	Ultra-1	746.99	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Ultra-1	749.29	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Ultra-1	750.81	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Ultra-2	761.89	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Ultra-2	764.46	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 2. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Ultra-2	766.26	Haynes and Pitzer, 1985	50. m/0.22 mm/0.33 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: -30. C; T_end: 240. C
Packed	SE-30	764.	Buchman, Cao, et al., 1984	He, Chromosorb AW, 40. C @ 10. min, 10. K/min, 210. C @ 30. min; Column length: 3.05 m
Capillary	OV-1	755.27	Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1983	35. C @ 5. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	OV-1	754.08	Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1983	35. C @ 5. min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	OV-1	752.	Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1982	24. m/0.3 mm/1.1 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-1	751.88	Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1982	30. m/0.3 mm/1.1 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	748.	Hayes and Pitzer, 1981	108. m/0.25 mm/0.2 μm, 1. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 200. C
Packed	OV-101	730.	Nixon, Wong, et al., 1979	Gas-Chrom Q, 2. K/min; Column length: 2.5 m; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	OV-1	754.	Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1976	1. K/min; Column length: 183. m; Column diameter: 0.762 mm; T_start: 0. C; T_end: 230. C
Packed	SE-30	781.	Haken and McKay, 1966	He, Celite 560, 20. K/min; Column length: 3.0 m; T_start: 100. C; T_end: 250. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-5	762.	Moon, Cliff, et al., 2006	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 3C/min => 180C => 10C/min => 260C(2min)
Capillary	HP-5MS	762.	Bonaiti, Irlinger, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 5C(8min) => 3C/min => 20C => 10C/min => 150C(10min)
Capillary	HP-5	762.	Engel, Baty, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 5C(5min) => 3C/min => 20C => 5C/min => 100C 15C/min => 150C (5min)
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	768.	Oruna-Concha, Bakker, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 0C => rapidly => 40C(8min) => 4C/min => 250C(10min)
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	771.	Duckham, Dodson, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 0C => rapidly => 40C(8min) => 4C/min => 250C(10min)
Capillary	DB-5	778.	Parker, Hassell, et al., 2000	50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: oC(5min) => 60C/min => 60C (5min) => 4C/min => 250C
Capillary	DB-1	754.	Peng, 2000	15. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 8C/min => 200(1min) => 5C/min => 300C(25min)
Capillary	DB-5	756.	Boulanger, Chassagne, et al., 1999	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 40C(5min) => 2C/min => 220C => 5C/min => 250C(15min)
Capillary	DB-5	770.	Boulanger, Chassagne, et al., 1999	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 40C(5min) => 2C/min => 220C => 5C/min => 250C(15min)
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	765.30	Hassoun, Pilling, et al., 1999	50. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He; Program: -50C(2min) => 49.9C/min => 35C(10min) => 3C/min => 200C(2min) => 40C/min => 240C(30min)
Capillary	BPX-5	771.	Bredie, Mottram, et al., 1998	50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: OC (5min) => 60C/min => 60C(5min) => 4C/min => 250C
Capillary	SE-54	760.	Li, Wang, et al., 1998	H2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	751.	Mattinen, Tuominen, et al., 1995	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 5C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 210C(30min)
Capillary	DB-5	761.	Beal and Mottram, 1994	30. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: 5 0C (0.5 min) -> (1 min) 60 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 250 0C
Capillary	HP-PONA	744.	Maignial, Pibarot, et al., 1992	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm; Program: 20C(0.5min) => fast => 60C => 4C/min => 250C
Packed	SE-30	764.	Peng, Ding, et al., 1988	Supelcoport; Chromosorb; Column length: 3.05 m; Program: 40C(5min) => 10C/min => 200C or 250C (60min)

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-Wax	1036.	Fernandez-Segovia, Escriche, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1027.	Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1034.	Alasalvar, Taylor, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 4. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 203. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1017.	Chung, Fung, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 6. K/min, 195. C @ 60. min
Capillary	Stabilwax	1029.	Cros, Lignot, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1046.	Elmore, Nisyrios, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1075.	Malliaa, Fernandez-Garcia, et al., 2005	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 45. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 12. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1073.	Riu-Aumatell, Lopez-Tamames, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1033.	Verzera, Campisi, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 0.17 min, 2. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	ZB-Wax	1014.	Ledauphin, Saint-Clair, et al., 2004	30. m/0.25 mm/0.15 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Carbowax	1056.	Censullo, Jones, et al., 2003	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 50. C @ 10. min, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Stabilwax	1029.	Cros, Vandanjon, et al., 2003	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	AT-Wax	1028.	Pino, Almora, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 65. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 60. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1041.	Chung, Yung, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1041.	Chung, Yung, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1033.	Kim, 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 30. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1040.	Liu, Yang, et al., 2001	H2, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1039.	Shimoda, Yoshimura, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1033.	Verzera, Campisi, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 0.17 min, 2. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1040.	Le Guen, Prost, et al., 2000	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1043.	Peng, 2000	15. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	HP-Wax	1049.	Peng, 2000	15. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1031.	Chevance and Farmer, 1999	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1024.	Chevance and Farmer, 1999, 2	60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1041.	Chung, 1999	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1033.	Cha, Kim, et al., 1998	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 60. min
Capillary	FFAP	1044.	Ott, Fay, et al., 1997	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 20. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 1. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1058.	Shimoda, Peralta, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1042.	Shimoda, Shiratsuchi, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1040.	Shimoda, Wu, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1028.	Shimoda, Shigematsu, et al., 1995	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 2. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1039.	Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1994	He, 60. C @ 4. min, 3. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-Wax	1036.	Iwaoka, Hagi, et al., 1994	He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1049.	Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1994	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1040.	Sumitani, Suekane, et al., 1994	He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1037.	Chung and Cadwallader, 1993	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 40. min
Capillary	HP-20M	1042.	Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1993	He, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 60. C; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	HP-FFAP	1070.	Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1993	He, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 60. C; T_end: 210. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1035.	Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1993	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 50. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1051.	Peng, Hua, et al., 1992	30. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 4. min, 8. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1019.	Wu and Liou, 1992	H2, 50. C @ 10. min, 1.5 K/min, 200. C @ 80. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1015.	Suárez and Duque, 1991	2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1025.	Suárez and Duque, 1991	2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1042.	Matiella and Hsieh, 1990	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 175. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1040.	Tanchotikul and Hsieh, 1989	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 175. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1043.	Tanchotikul and Hsieh, 1989	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 175. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-WAX 57CB	1022.	Baltes and Mevissen, 1988	He, 50. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.24 mm; T_end: 210. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1027.	Chen and Ho, 1988	He, 1.5 K/min, 225. C @ 80. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_start: 50. C
Packed	Carbowax 20M	1061.	Buchman, Cao, et al., 1984	He, Supelcoport, 40. C @ 10. min, 10. K/min, 210. C @ 30. min; Column length: 3.05 m

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1035.	Bianchi, Cantoni, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 220C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1040.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1043.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1035.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1035.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1035.	Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	FFAP	1058.	Ranau, Kleeberg, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 50C(3min) => 3C/min => 100C => 10C/min => 220C(13.5min)
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1047.	Verzera, Ziino, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 45C(5min) => 10C/min => 80C => 2C/min => 240C
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1038.	Alasalvar, Shahidi, et al., 2003	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C => 5C/min => 60C => 2.5C/min => 155C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1034.	Boulanger and Crouzet, 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 60C (3min) => 2C/min => 220C => 5C/min => 250C (15min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1033.	Cantergiani, Brevard, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 20C(30s) => fast => 60C => 4C/min => 220C (20min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1050.	Maignial, Pibarot, et al., 1992	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 20C(0.5min) => fast => 60C => 4C/min => 220C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane	105.	766.	Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane	75.	760.	Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane	90.	763.	Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	100.	766.	Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	120.	771.	Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	140.	776.	Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	80.	761.	Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	120.	772.	Chen and Feng, 2006
Capillary	DB-1	60.	757.	Shimadzu, 2003, 2	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He
Capillary	OV-101	40.	754.	Li and Deng, 1998	N2; Column length: 51. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	764.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1995	50. m/0.30 mm/0.26 μm, Nitrogen
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1995	50. m/0.30 mm/0.26 μm, Nitrogen
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1995	50. m/0.30 mm/0.26 μm, Nitrogen
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1995	50. m/0.30 mm/0.26 μm, Nitrogen
Capillary	OV-101	100.	767.	Gerasimenko and Nabivach, 1995	50. m/0.30 mm/0.26 μm, Nitrogen
Capillary	Squalane	100.	757.	Berezkin, 1993
Capillary	Squalane	100.	763.	Berezkin, 1993
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	766.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	770.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	772.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	102.	760.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	106.	760.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	110.	762.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	114.	763.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	94.	758.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	98.	758.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	OV-101	98.	759.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	70.	769.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	74.	771.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	74.	771.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	78.	772.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	82.	773.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	86.	774.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	SE-54	90.	776.	Wang, Deng, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 23. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	50.	745.	N/A	N2; Column length: 74.6 m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Capillary	OV-101	50.	754.	Wu and Lu, 1984
Capillary	OV-101	70.	758.	Wu and Lu, 1984
Capillary	E-301	100.	770.	Bermejo, Moinelo, et al., 1980	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	760.	Bermejo, Moinelo, et al., 1980	N2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	95.4	746.	Sojak and Vigdergauz, 1978	H2
Capillary	Squalane	110.	759.	Papazova and Pankova, 1975	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Apiezon L	100.	792.	Kavan, 1973	Column length: 3.2 m
Capillary	Squalane	86.	743.	Vigdergauz and Martynov, 1971	He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.35 mm
Packed	DC-400	150.	769.	Anderson, 1968	Helium, Gas-Pak (60-80 mesh); Column length: 3.0 m
Packed	Polydimethyl siloxane	110.	768.	Ferrand, 1962

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB	756.	Bramston-Cook, 2013	60. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1.45 min, 3.6 K/min, 210. C @ 2.72 min
Capillary	Optima-5 MS	759.	Goeminne, Vandendriessche, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 3. min, 10. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-5 MS	757.	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 300. C @ 15. min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	751.	Supelco, 2012	100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-5	762.	Czerny, Brueckner, et al., 2011	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	VF-5 MS	763.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	VF-5 MS	769.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	Ultra-ALLOY-5	765.	Tsuge, Ohtan, et al., 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 20. K/min, 320. C @ 13. min
Capillary	Ultra-ALLOY-5	766.	Tsuge, Ohtan, et al., 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 2. min, 20. K/min, 320. C @ 13. min
Capillary	ZB-5	766.	Harrison and Priest, 2009	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 1. min, 6. K/min, 280. C @ 9. min
Capillary	HP-5 MS	759.	Kim and Chung, 2009	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 30. min
Capillary	SPB-5	771.	Sivadier, Ratel, et al., 2009	60. m/0.32 mm/1.00 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min
Capillary	SPB-1	757.	Frerot, Velluz, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	HP-5	773.	Mildner-Szkudlarz and Jelen, 2008	10. m/0.10 mm/0.40 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 1. min, 20. K/min, 280. C @ 1. min
Capillary	VF-5MS	758.	Ghiasvand, Setkova, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 7. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	SPB-5	770.	Vasta, Ratel, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
Capillary	SPB-5	770.	Vasta, Ratel, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-1	753.	Berlioz, Cordella, et al., 2006	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min; T_start: 60. C
Capillary	HP-1	746.	Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	HP-1	746.	Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	HP-1	750.	Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	HP-1	750.	Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006, 2	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 120. min; T_start: 60. C
Capillary	HP-1	750.	Castel, Fernandez, et al., 2006, 2	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-5 MS	756.	Schirack, Drake, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	756.	Sojak, Kubinec, et al., 2006	150. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, 1. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 300. C
Capillary	HP-5	766.1	Leffingwell and Alford, 2005	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min
Capillary	MDN-5	766.	van Loon, Linssen, et al., 2005	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 270. C @ 5. min
Capillary	SPB-5	773.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-1	753.	Cavalli, Fernandez, et al., 2004	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min; T_start: 60. C
Capillary	SE-54	776.	Kilic, Hafizoglu, et al., 2004	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 260. C
Capillary	DB-1	745.	Park, Lee, et al., 2004	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Park, Lee, et al., 2004	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
Capillary	5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane	772.	Ramírez, Estévez, et al., 2004	0. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 7. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
Capillary	DB-1	771.	Butrym and Hartman, 2003	60. m/0.53 mm/0.5 μm, 10. K/min, 280. C @ 5. min; T_start: -20. C
Capillary	DB-5	764.	Dhanda, Pegg, et al., 2003	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 4. min
Capillary	MDN-5	773.	Mildner-Szkudlarz, Jelen, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 20. K/min, 280. C @ 1. min
Capillary	DB-5	773.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 60. C @ 10. min, 4. K/min, 280. C @ 40. min
Capillary	SPB-5	768.	Sebastian, Viallon-Fernandez, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 3. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	SPB-1	741.	Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	SPB-1	742.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane	766.	Hussam, Alauddin, et al., 2002	15. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 2. min; T_start: 40. C
Capillary	HP-5	761.	Isidorov and Jdanova, 2002	3. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	SPB-5	776.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2002, 2	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
Capillary	SPB-5	769.	Poligné, Collignan, et al., 2001	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	HP-5	770.	García, Martín, et al., 2000	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	BP-1	761.	Health Safety Executive, 2000	50. m/0.22 mm/0.75 μm, He, 5. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-5MS	753.2	Shoenmakers, Oomen, et al., 2000	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	751.13	Baraldi, Rapparini, et al., 1999	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 10. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	HP-5	770.	Jung, Wichmann, et al., 1999	25. m/0.20 mm/0.33 μm, 50. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-5	769.	Meynier, Novelli, et al., 1999	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-1	753.	Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999	2. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 160. C
Capillary	OV-101	754.	Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999, 2	50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 30. C @ 6. min, 1. K/min; T_end: 100. C
Capillary	SE-54	756.	Ding, Deng, et al., 1998	35. C @ 3. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	SE-54	779.	Huang, Liang, et al., 1996	36. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	SE-54	752.	Guan, Li, et al., 1995	60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	HP-5	771.2	Wang and Fingas, 1995	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 300. C @ 10. min
Capillary	SP-2100	744.	Fischer and Kusch, 1993	He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 280. C
Capillary	Ultra-2	750.	King, Hamilton, et al., 1993	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-5	765.	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, H2, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-5	765.	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, H2, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Shiota, 1993	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	DB-1	752.	Shiota, 1993	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	DB-1	756.	Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992	60. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	OV-1	743.	Guan, Zheng, et al., 1992	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, H2, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	OV-1	746.	Guan, Zheng, et al., 1992	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, H2, 2. K/min; T_start: 35. C
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	746.	Hartgers, Damste, et al., 1992	25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, He, 0. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 320. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-5	771.	Berdague, Denoyer, et al., 1991	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	DB-5	774.	Lee, Macku, et al., 1991	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-5	774.	Macku and Shibamoto, 1991	He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 160. C
Capillary	OV-101	752.	Misharina, Golovnya, et al., 1991	50. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	752.	Shiota, 1991	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	DB-1	756.	Shiota, 1991	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	OV-101	756.	Zenkevich and Ventura, 1991	Helium, 50. C @ 0. min, 5. K/min, 240. C @ 0. min; Column length: 54. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm
Capillary	HP-5	764.	Spadone, Takeoka, et al., 1990	H2, 16. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Flath, Matsumoto, et al., 1989	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Flath, Matsumoto, et al., 1989	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	749.	Flath, Matsumoto, et al., 1989	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-1	753.	Flath, Matsumoto, et al., 1989	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, 4. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	760.	Sugisawa, Yang, et al., 1989	N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-101	765.	Sugisawa, Yang, et al., 1989	N2, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 80. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	OV-1	748.7	Durand, Boscher, et al., 1987	50. m/0.2 mm/0.52 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 1.1 K/min; T_end: 150. C
Capillary	DB-1	752.	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985	3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_start: 0. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	SE-30	750.	Hackett, Gibbon, et al., 1985	He, 20. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 16. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	748.	del Rosario, de Lumen, et al., 1984	He, 0. C @ 1. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; T_end: 225. C
Capillary	SE-30	748.	Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981	40. C @ 3. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm; T_end: 170. C
Capillary	SE-30	748.	Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981, 2	He, 40. C @ 3. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm; T_end: 170. C
Packed	Apiezon L	734.	Dahlmann, Köser, et al., 1979	Chromosorb G-AW-DMCS, 10. K/min; Column length: 2. m; T_start: 25. C
Capillary	OV-1	753.	Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1979	N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 183. m; Column diameter: 0.762 mm; T_start: 0. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	SF-96	761.	Donetzhuber, Johansson, et al., 1976	Nitrogen, 3. K/min, 130. C @ 40. min; Column length: 111. m; Column diameter: 0.76 mm; Initial hold: 8. min

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-5 MS	760.	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	771.	Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	776.	Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012	Program: not specified
Capillary	VF-5	764.	Shivashankar, Roy, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 50 0C (2 min) 3 0C/min -> 200 0C (3 min) 10 0C/min -> 220 0C (8 min)
Capillary	VF-5	759.	Shivashankar, Roy, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	756.	Delort and Jaquier, 2009	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 50 0C (5 min) 3 0C/min -> 120 0C 5 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min) 15 0C/min -> 300 0C (20 min)
Capillary	HP-5	772.	Pugliese, Sirtori, et al., 2009	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	761.	Rotsatschakul, Visesanguan, et al., 2009	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 30 0C (2 min) 2 0Cmin -> 60 0C 10 0C/min -> 100 0C 20 0C/min -> 140 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C (10 min)
Capillary	CP-Sil 5 Cb	746.	Collin, Nizet, et al., 2008	50. m/0.32 mm/1.20 μm, Nitrogen; Program: 40 0C 20 0C/min -> 85 0C 1 0C/min -> 145 0C 3 0C/min -> 250 0C (30 min)
Capillary	Nonpolar	750.	Staples and Zeiger, 2008	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	769.	Ventanas, Estevez, et al., 2008	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (10 min) 5 0C/min -> 200 0C 15 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)
Capillary	HP-5 MS	764.	Xie, Sun, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 4 0C/min -> 220 0C 20 0C/min -> 280 0C
Capillary	HP-5	763.	Zhao, Li, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 7 oC/min -> 160 0C 9 0C/min -> 200 0C 20 0C/min -> 280 0C (10 min)
Capillary	HP-5	770.	Zhao, Li, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-1	746.	Barra, Baldovini, et al., 2007	50. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He; Program: 40C(2min) => 2C/min => 200C => 15C/min => 250C (30min)
Capillary	HP-5 MS	765.	Chuang, Lee, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Hydrogen; Program: 50 0C (15 min) 2 0C/min -> 150 0C (10 min) 2 0C/min -> 220 0C (20 min)
Capillary	DB-5 MS	776.	Liu, Xu, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 100 0C 4 0C/min -> 180 0C 8 0C/min -> 250 0C (12 min)
Capillary	DB-5	756.	Pellicer, 2007	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-5	767.	Pellicer, 2007	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-101	772.	Ebrahimi and Hadjmohammadi, 2006	Program: not specified
Capillary	RTX-5	780.	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: not specified
Capillary	RTX-5	773.	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: not specified
Capillary	RTX-5	780.	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: not specified
Capillary	RTX-5	780.	Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5MS	766.	Alissandrakis, Kibaris, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 2C/min => 180C => 10C/min => 250C(5min)
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	759.	Blunden, Aneja, et al., 2005	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium; Program: -50 0C (2 min) 8 0C/min -> 200 0C (7.75 min) 25 0C -> 225 0C (8 min)
Capillary	CP-Sil5 CB MS	746.	Iraqi, Vermeulen, et al., 2005	50. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm; Program: 36C(2min) => 20C/min => 85C => 1C/min => 145C => 3C/min => 250C(30min)
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	776.	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2005, 2	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	774.	Riu-Aumatell, Lopez-Tamames, et al., 2005	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5MS	769.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C(3min) => 4C/min => 75C => 8C/min => 250C
Capillary	HP-1	753.	Carpino, Mallia, et al., 2004	12. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm; Program: 35C(3min) => 6C/min => 190C => 30C/min => 225C
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	752.	Counet, Ouwerx, et al., 2004	50. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm; Program: 36C => 20C/min => 85C => 1C/min => 145C => 3C/min => 250C(30min)
Capillary	HP-5	772.	Garcia-Estaban, Ansorena, et al., 2004	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm; Program: 40C(10min) => 5C/min => 200C => 20C/min => 250C(5min)
Capillary	DB-5	772.	Garcia-Estaban, Ansorena, et al., 2004, 2	50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm; Program: 40C(10min) => 5C/min => 200C => 20C/min => 250C (5min)
Capillary	SPB-5	766.	Begnaud, Pérès, et al., 2003	60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Polymethylsiloxane, (PMS-20000)	760.	Cornwell and Cordano, 2003	Program: not specified
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	767.	Counet, Callemien, et al., 2002	50. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm; Program: 36C => 20C/min => 85C => 1C/min => 145C=3C/min => 250C(30min)
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	772.	Counet, Callemien, et al., 2002	50. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm; Program: 36C => 20C/min => 85C => 1C/min => 145C=3C/min => 250C(30min)
Capillary	HP-5	770.	Jordán, Margaría, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C (6min) => 2.5C/min => 150C => 90C/min => 250C
Capillary	Methyl phenyl siloxane (not specified)	769.	Poligne, Collignan, et al., 2002	Program: not specified
Capillary	BP-1	744.20	Cooke, Hassoun, et al., 2001	50. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He; Program: -50C => 49.9C/min => 5C(3min) => 3C/min => 50C => 5C/min => 220C(20 min)
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	766.	Duckham, Dodson, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-5 MS	780.	Luo and Agnew, 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-101	766.	Zhu and Wang, 2001	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	756.	Zhu and Wang, 2001	Program: not specified
Capillary	BPX-5	769.	Madruga, Arruda, et al., 2000	50. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 20 0C/min -> 60 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	751.	Spieksma, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1	755.	Zhu and He, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1	756.	Zhu and He, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-54	771.	Zhu and He, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-54	773.	Zhu and He, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-54	756.	Ding, Deng, et al., 1998	Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-54	760.	Ding, Deng, et al., 1998	Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	751.	Guyot, Bouseta, et al., 1998	50. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He; Program: 30C => 55C/min => 85C => 1C/min => 145C => 3C/min => 250C
Capillary	HP-5	778.	Timón, Ventanas, et al., 1998	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, He; Program: 35 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C (20 min) 5 0C/min -> 230 0C (50 min)
Capillary	SPB-1	763.	Flanagan, Streete, et al., 1997	60. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	760.	Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1997	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-5	770.	Mateo and Zumalacárregui, 1996	50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 95C => 10C/min => 270C (10min)
Capillary	DB-5	768.	Mateo and Zumalacárregui, 1996	50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 95C => 10C/min => 270C (10min)
Capillary	DB-1	764.	Peng, 1996	30. m/0.53 mm/1.5 μm; Program: 40 0C (4 min) 8 0C/min -> 200 0C (1 min) 5 0C/min -> 280 0C (20 min)
Capillary	SE-30	760.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-30	766.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxanes	760.	Zenkevich and Chupalov, 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxanes	760.	Zenkevich and Chupalov, 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-5	765.	Sorimachi, Tanabe, et al., 1995	He; Column length: 30. m; Program: not specified
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	752.	Xu, Chu, et al., 1995	Program: not specified
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	760.	Zenkevich, 1995	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	749.	Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1994	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	758.	Schuberth, 1994	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 40C (4min) => 10C/min => 200C => 50C/min => 250C
Capillary	DB-1	749.	Ciccioli, Brancaleoni, et al., 1993	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 3 min at 5 C; 5 - 50 C at 3 deg/min; 50 - 220 C at 5 deg/min
Capillary	SPB-1	763.	Strete, Ruprah, et al., 1992	60. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C
Capillary	SPB-1	768.	Strete, Ruprah, et al., 1992	60. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-54	763.	Um, Bailey, et al., 1992	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 35 0C (5 min) 8 0C/min -> 200 0C 2 0C/min -> 250 0C
Capillary	OV-1	760.7	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 4C/min 60-120C 2)2nd 30m column isothermal 100C
Capillary	OV-1	768.5	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 4C/min 60-120C. 2) 2nd 30m column isothermal 120C.
Capillary	OV-1	769.	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 6C/min 60-120C. 2) 2nd 30m column isothermal 120C.
Capillary	OV-1	768.	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1)1st 30m column temp ramp 3C/min 60-120 2)2nd 30m column isothermal 120C
Capillary	Squalane	757.6	Dimov and Mekenyan, 1989	Program: not specified
Capillary	CP Sil 8 CB	771.	Weller and Wolf, 1989	40. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 30 0C (1 min) 15 0C/min -> 45 0C 3 0C/min -> 120 0C
Capillary	SE-30	766.	Ibrahim and Suffet, 1988	N2; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 50C(8min) => 3C/min => 150C => 35C/min => 275C (10min)
Capillary	methyl silicone oil with 5% Igepal	751.	Schultz, Flath, et al., 1988	Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	methyl silicone oil with 5% Igepal	755.	Schultz, Flath, et al., 1988	Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-1	739.	Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 30C (2min) => 2C/min => 150C => 4C/min => 250C
Capillary	DB-1	748.	Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 30C (2min) => 2C/min => 150C => 4C/min => 250C
Capillary	SE-30	763.	P'yanova, Zvereva, et al., 1987	Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-52	771.	van Langenhove and Schamp, 1986	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm; Program: not specified
Packed	SE-30	764.	Buchman, Cao, et al., 1984	He, Chromosorb AW; Column length: 3.05 m; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	734.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	745.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	748.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	751.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	752.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	753.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	761.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	764.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	767.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1	756.	Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-30	749.	Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981, 2	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm; Program: -10C (8min) => 12C/min => 26C => 3C/min => 170C (30min)
Packed	SE-30	770.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C910min) => 20C/min => 90(6min) => 10C/min => 150C(hold)
Packed	Squalane	755.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Embacel; Column length: 3.0 m; Program: 25C(5min) => 2C/min => 35 => 4C/min => 95C(hold)
Packed	SE-30	770.	Robinson and Odell, 1971, 2	Chrom W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C(10min) => 20C/min(2min) => 90C(6min) => 10C/min(6min) => (hold at 150C)
Packed	Squalane	755.	Robinson and Odell, 1971, 2	Embacel; Column length: 3.0 m; Program: 25C(5min) => 2C/min(5min) => 4C/min(15min) => (hold at 95C)

Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	100.	1073.	Sun, Siepmann, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	120.	1083.	Sun, Siepmann, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	60.	1052.	Sun, Siepmann, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	80.	1062.	Sun, Siepmann, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium
Capillary	DB-Wax	60.	1065.	Shimadzu, 2003, 2	50. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He
Capillary	PEG-40M	100.	1056.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	PEG-40M	100.	1058.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	PEG-40M	120.	1068.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	PEG-40M	140.	1077.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	PEG-40M	60.	1041.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	PEG-40M	80.	1048.	Nesterov, Nesterova, et al., 2000	Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	90.	1027.	Sutter, Peterson, et al., 1997
Packed	PEG	100.	1038.	Dowling, Evans, et al., 1990	Phasesep W (10 %)
Packed	PEG	100.	1070.	Dowling, Evans, et al., 1990	Phasesep W (10 %)
Packed	PEG	100.	1093.	Dowling, Evans, et al., 1990	Phasesep W (10 %)

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	CP-Wax CB	1028.	Alves, da Penha, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 150. C @ 5. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1022.	Puvipirom and Chaisei, 2012	15. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 3. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1059.	Shimadzu, 2012	30. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 260. C
Capillary	DB-FFAP	1040.	Czerny, Brueckner, et al., 2011	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1061.	Soria, Sanz, et al., 2008	50. m/0.20 mm/0.20 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 50. min
Capillary	Stabilwax	1029.	Cros, Vandanjon, et al., 2007	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	FFAP	1047.	Nebesny, Budryn, et al., 2007	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, N2, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 320. C @ 45. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1051.	Povolo, Contarini, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1043.	Povolo, Contarini, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1051.	Povolo, Contarini, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1051.	Povolo, Contarini, et al., 2007	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 8. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1027.	Schirack, Drake, et al., 2006	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1026.	de la Fuente, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2005	50. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1065.	Chida, Sone, et al., 2004	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1041.	Jiang and Kubota, 2004	He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1020.	Soria, Gonzalez, et al., 2004	50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, He, 45. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 50. min
Capillary	Stabilwax	1029.	Cros, Vandanjon, et al., 2003, 2	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 240. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1059.	Shimadzu Corporation, 2003	30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; T_start: 40. C; T_end: 260. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1034.	Tanaka, Yamauchi, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 30. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1037.	Tanaka, Yamauchi, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 30. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1030.	Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1026.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	RTX-Wax	1059.	Galindo-Cuspinera, Lubran, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 180. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1017.	Osorio, Duque, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1019.	Osorio, Duque, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min
Capillary	HP-Wax	1040.	Sanz, Maeztu, et al., 2002	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1031.	Duque, Bonilla, et al., 2001	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; T_start: 25. C
Capillary	HP-Wax	1040.	Sanz, Ansorena, et al., 2001	60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 6. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 190. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1055.	Franco and Shibamoto, 2000	He, 50. C @ 8. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1041.	Girard and Durance, 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 4. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1037.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1031.	Hwan and Chou, 1999	50. m/0.32 mm/0.22 μm, H2, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 190. C @ 21. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1036.	Umano, Nakahara, et al., 1999	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	PEG-20M	1011.	Ding, Deng, et al., 1998	2. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1029.	Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998	60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; T_start: 50. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1043.	Mölleken, Sinnwell, et al., 1998	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 3. K/min; T_start: 45. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	TC-Wax	1038.	Shuichi, Masazumi, et al., 1996	80. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1060.	Girard and Lau, 1995	90. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 20. min, 2. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1038.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 1995	He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1047.	Chung, Eiserich, et al., 1993, 2	60. C @ 4. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1017.	Kawakami, Kobayashi, et al., 1993	He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1035.	Shimoda, Shiratsuchi, et al., 1993	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1024.	Herain, MRAVEC, et al., 1991	70. C @ 21. min, 5. K/min, 150. C @ 999. min
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1017.	Kawakami and Kobayashi, 1991	He, 60. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1035.	Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1035.	Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 180. C
Capillary	BP-20	1055.	MacLeod and Snyder, 1985	70. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; T_end: 180. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Supelco CO Wax-10	1039.	Prompona, Kandylis, et al., 2012	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 35 0C (6 min) 2 0C/min -> 60 0C (5 min) 5 0C/min -> 200 0C 25 0C/min -> 250 0C (6 min)
Capillary	Supelco CO Wax-10	1040.	Prompona, Kandylis, et al., 2012	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	SOLGel-Wax	1042.	Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 140 0C 10 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min)
Capillary	SOLGel-Wax	1040.	Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1069.	Kadar, Juan-Borras, et al., 2010	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 4 0C/min -> 190 0C (11 min) 8 0C/min -> 220 0C (8 min)
Capillary	Supelko CO Wax	1043.	Vekiari, Orepoulou, et al., 2010	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium
Capillary	Supelko CO Wax	1026.	Vekiari, Orepoulou, et al., 2010	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Supelko CO Wax	1030.	Vekiari, Orepoulou, et al., 2010	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	BP-20	1081.	Rodrigues, Caldera, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (1 min) 2 0C/min -> 100 0C (2 min) 1.7 0C/min -> 180 0C (1 min) 25 0C/min -> 220 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Supelcowax 10	1061.	Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2008	50. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C (15 min) 3 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1040.	Berard, Bianchi, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 6C/min => 60C => 4C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1043.	Berard, Bianchi, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 6C/min => 60C => 4C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)
Capillary	DB-Wax	1043.	Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Hydrogen; Program: 44 0C 3 0C/min -> 170 0C 8 0C/min -> 250 0C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1042.	Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Hydrogen; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-Innowax	1026.	Narain, Galvao, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 30 0C (5 min) 5 0C/min -> 100 0C (5 min) 1 0C/min -> 130 0C 10 0C/min -> 195 0C (45 min)
Capillary	BP-20	1023.	Pontes, Marques, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50C(1min) => 2.5C/min => 100C => 2C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 220C
Capillary	BP-20	1023.	Pontes, Marques, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50C(1min) => 2.5C/min => 100C => 2C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 220C
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1043.	Vichi, Guadayol, et al., 2007	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 4C/min => 75C => 8C/min => 250C(5min)
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1033.	Editorial paper, 2005	Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1036.	Editorial paper, 2005	Program: not specified
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1023.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C(3min) => 4C/min => 75C => 8C/min => 250C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1050.	Cornwell and Cordano, 2003	Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1027.	Ivanciuc, Ivanciuc, et al., 2001	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1043.	Piveteau, le Guen, et al., 2000	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 50C(6min) => 1C/min => 130C => 10C/min => 240C (15min)
Capillary	PEG-20M	1012.	Ding, Deng, et al., 1998	Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Supelcowax 10	1034.	Castioni and Kapetanidis, 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 60 0C (10 min) 2 0C/min -> 80 0C 3 0C/min -> 100 0C 4 0C/min -> 220 0C (30 min)
Capillary	Supelcowax 10	1047.	Castioni and Kapetanidis, 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	Supelcowax 10	1058.	Castioni and Kapetanidis, 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1051.	Peng, 1996	30. m/0.53 mm/1.0 μm; Program: 40 0C (4 min) 4 0C/min -> 200 0C (20 min)
Capillary	PEG-20M	1050.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	CP Wax 52 CB	1031.	Patterson and Stevenson, 1995	50. m/0.32 mm/0.20 μm; Program: 50 0C (10 min) 2 0C/min -> 100 0C 5 0C/min -> 150 0C 7 0C/min -> 220 0C (20 min)
Capillary	CP-Wax 52CB	1032.	Luning, de Rijk, et al., 1994	50. m/0.32 mm/1.5 μm; Program: 40C => 2C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 250C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1043.	Peng, Yang, et al., 1991	Program: not specified
Capillary	DB-Wax	1051.	Peng, Yang, et al., 1991	Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1032.	Dimov and Mekenyan, 1989	Program: not specified
Capillary	Superox 0.6; Carbowax 20M	1027.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.	1027.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.	1037.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.	1054.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1035.	Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982	Program: not specified

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-5	106.1	Wang, Hou, et al., 2007	30. m/0.30 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 50. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min
Capillary	HP-5	106.1	Shao, Wang, et al., 2006	30. m/0.3 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min
Capillary	HT-5	112.43	Williams and Williams, 1998	40. C @ 8. min, 5. K/min, 400. C @ 20. min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	DB-5	112.62	Williams and Horne, 1995	He, 60. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; T_end: 270. C

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-5MS	111.93	Cheng, Liu, et al., 2005	30. m/0.30 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50 0C (2 min) 8 0C/min -> 120 0C (3 min) 10 0C/min -> 230 0C

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, Notes

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Scott, D.W.; Gutherie, G.B.; Messerly, J.F.; Todd, S.S.; Berg, W.T.; Hossenlopp, I.A.; McCullough, J.P., Toluene: Thermodynamic properties, molecular vibrations, and internal rotation, J. Phys. Chem., 1962, 66, 911. [all data]

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Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References

Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
C_p,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
C_p,liquid	Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
P_c	Critical pressure
S°_liquid	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions
T	Temperature
T_boil	Boiling point
T_c	Critical temperature
T_fus	Fusion (melting) point
T_triple	Triple point temperature
V_c	Critical volume
Δ_cH°_liquid	Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_fH°_liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
Δ_fusH	Enthalpy of fusion
Δ_fusS	Entropy of fusion
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_subH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
Δ_vapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
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Toluene

Data at NIST subscription sites:

Gas phase thermochemistry data

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Phase change data

Reduced pressure boiling point

Enthalpy of vaporization

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Reaction thermochemistry data

Individual Reactions

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Gas phase ion energetics data

Proton affinity at 298K

Gas basicity at 298K

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

Ion clustering data

Clustering reactions

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Spectrum

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Credits

Additional Data

UV/Visible spectrum

Spectrum

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Credits

Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

References

Notes