Toluene

• Formula: C₇H₈
• Molecular weight: 92.1384
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 108-88-3
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Toluene-D3
  • Toluene-D8
• Other names: Benzene, methyl; Methacide; Methylbenzene; Methylbenzol; Phenylmethane; Antisal 1a; Toluol; Methane, phenyl-; NCI-C07272; Tolueen; Toluen; Toluolo; Rcra waste number U220; Tolu-sol; UN 1294; Dracyl; Monomethyl benzene; CP 25; NSC 406333; methylbenzene (toluene)
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
  • Fluid Properties
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
  • NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index
• Options:
  • Switch to SI units

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• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₇H₇^- +  =

By formula: C₇H₇^- + H⁺ = C₇H₈

C₃H₉Si⁺ +  = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₉Si⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₈ = (Br^- • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

C₄H₉⁺ +  = (C₄H₉⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₇H₈)

C₇H₈⁺ +  = (C₇H₈⁺ • )

By formula: C₇H₈⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₇H₈⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

C₆H₇N⁺ +  = (C₆H₇N⁺ • )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

C₉H₁₂⁺ +  = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • )

By formula: C₉H₁₂⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₈ = (NO^- • C₇H₈)

 +  =  + 

By formula: HBr + C₇H₇Br = C₇H₈ + Br₂

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₈ = (Cl^- • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

 +  =  + 

By formula: HI + C₇H₇I = C₇H₈ + I₂

 + 0.5 =  + 0.5

By formula: C₇H₇Br + 0.5H₂ = C₇H₈ + 0.5Br₂

 +  = ( • )

By formula: I^- + C₇H₈ = (I^- • C₇H₈)

=

By formula: C₇H₈ = C₇H₈

=  + 0.5

By formula: C₇H₇I = C₇H₈ + 0.5I₂

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Li⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (K⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  =  + 

By formula: C₁₀H₁₄ + C₆H₆ = C₇H₈ + C₉H₁₂

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cs⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Rb⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈)

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
MM - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner)
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₇H₈⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Proton affinity at 298K

Gas basicity at 298K

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₇H₇^- +  =

By formula: C₇H₇^- + H⁺ = C₇H₈

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₈ = (Br^- • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

C₃H₉Si⁺ +  = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₉Si⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

C₄H₉⁺ +  = (C₄H₉⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₉⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₄H₉⁺ • C₇H₈)

C₆H₇N⁺ +  = (C₆H₇N⁺ • )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

C₇H₈⁺ +  = (C₇H₈⁺ • )

By formula: C₇H₈⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₇H₈⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

C₉H₁₂⁺ +  = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • )

By formula: C₉H₁₂⁺ + C₇H₈ = (C₉H₁₂⁺ • C₇H₈)

Bond type: Charge transfer bond (positive ion)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₈ = (Cl^- • C₇H₈)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cr⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cr⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cs⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cs⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Cs⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: I^- + C₇H₈ = (I^- • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: K⁺ + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (K⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (K⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Li⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Li⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Li⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₈ = (NO^- • C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Na⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Na⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Rb⁺ + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (Rb⁺ • C₇H₈) + C₇H₈ = (Rb⁺ • 2C₇H₈)

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

• GAS (20 mmHg, N2 ADDED, TOTAL PRESSURE 600 mmHg); DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING; DIGITIZED BY COBLENTZ SOCIETY (BATCH II) FROM HARD COPY; 2 cm^-1 resolution
• LIQUID; PERKIN-ELMER; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution
• SOLUTION (10% IN CCl4 FOR 3800-1330 AND 10% IN CS2 FOR 1330-450 CM^-1); DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: Tanya L. Myers, Russell G. Tonkyn, Ashley M. Oeck, Tyler O. Danby, John S. Loring, Matthew S. Taubman, Stephen W. Sharpe, Jerome C. Birnbaum, and Timothy J. Johnson

• liquid; Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR; 0.48212986 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

• gas

Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty

• gas; IFS66V (Bruker); 3-Term B-H Apodization
  0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
• gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Boxcar Apodization
  0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
• gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Happ Genzel Apodization
  0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
• gas; IFS66V (Bruker); NB Strong Apodization
  0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
• gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Triangular Apodization
  0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008
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Schmidlin, M.J., Recherches chimiques et thermochimiques sur la constitution des rosanilines, Ann. Chim. Phys., 1906, 1, 195-256. [all data]

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Draeger, J.A., The methylbenzenes II. Fundamental vibrational shifts, statistical thermodynamic functions, and properties of formation, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1985, 17, 263-275. [all data]

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Gunion, R.F.; Gilles, M.K.; Polak, M.L.; Lineberger, W.C., Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Phenide, Benzyl, and Phenoxide Anions., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1992, 117, 601, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(92)80115-H . [all data]

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Gal, J.F.; Decouzon, M.; Maria, P.C.; Gonzalez, A.I.; Mo, O.; Yanez, M.; El Chaouch, S.; Guillemin, J.C., Acidity trends in alpha,beta-unsaturated alkanes, silanes, germanes, and stannanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 26, 6353-6359, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja004079j . [all data]

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Stone, J.M.; Stone, J.A., A High Pressure Mass Spectrometric Study of the Binding of (CH3)3Si+ and (CH3)3C+ to Toluene and Benzene, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1991, 109, 247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(91)85107-W . [all data]

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Wojtyniak, A.C.M.; Stone, A.J., A High-Pressure Mass Spectrometric Study of the Bonding of Trimethylsilylium to Oxygen and Aromatic Bases, Can. J. Chem., 1986, 74, 59. [all data]

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Paul, G.J.C.; Kebarle, P., Stabilities of Complexes of Br- with Substituted Benzenes (SB) Based on Determinations of the Gas-Phase Equilibria Br- + SB = (BrSB)-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 4, 1148, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00004a014 . [all data]

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Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  Cp,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  T	Temperature
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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