2-Propenal
- Formula: C3H4O
- Molecular weight: 56.0633
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 107-02-8
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Acrolein; Acrylaldehyde; Acrylic Aldehyde; Allyl aldehyde; Aqualin; NSC 8819; Prop-2-En-1-al; Propenal; 2-Propen-1-one; CH2=CHCHO; Acraldehyde; Acraldehydeacroleina; Acroleine; Acrylaldehyd; Akrolein; Akroleina; Aldehyde acrylique; Aldeide acrilica; Aqualine; Crolean; Ethylene aldehyde; Magnacide H; Propylene aldehyde; Slimicide; Acroleina; Magnacide; Rcra waste number P003; UN 1092; 2-Propenaldehyde; (E)-2-propenal
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Gas phase ion energetics data
Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
View reactions leading to C3H4O+ (ion structure unspecified)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IE (evaluated) | 10.11 ± 0.01 | eV | N/A | N/A | L |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Proton affinity (review) | 797.0 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Gas basicity | 765.1 | kJ/mol | N/A | Hunter and Lias, 1998 | HL |
Ionization energy determinations
IE (eV) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
10.10 | CI | Ohno, Okamura, et al., 1995 | LL |
10.1 | PE | Bock, Mohmand, et al., 1982 | LBLHLM |
10.1 | PE | Von Niessen, Bieri, et al., 1980 | LLK |
10.11 | PE | Van Dam and Oskam, 1978 | LLK |
10.11 | PE | Masclet and Mouvier, 1978 | LLK |
10.13 | PE | Katrib and Rabalais, 1973 | LLK |
10.14 ± 0.06 | EI | Reed and Thornley, 1958 | RDSH |
10.10 ± 0.01 | PI | Watanabe, 1957 | RDSH |
10.103 ± 0.006 | S | Walsh, 1945 | RDSH |
10.15 | PE | Schweig, Vermeer, et al., 1974 | Vertical value; LLK |
Appearance energy determinations
Ion | AE (eV) | Other Products | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHO+ | 13.30 ± 0.10 | C2H3 | EI | Haney and Franklin, 1969 | RDSH |
C2H3+ | 13.64 | CHO? | EI | Haney and Franklin, 1969 | RDSH |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
---|---|
Origin | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990. |
NIST MS number | 114921 |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | HP-1 | 110. | 464. | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, N2 |
Capillary | HP-1 | 50. | 463. | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, N2 |
Capillary | HP-1 | 70. | 463. | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, N2 |
Capillary | HP-1 | 90. | 463. | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, N2 |
Packed | SE-30 | 100. | 469. | Winskowski, 1983 | Gaschrom Q; Column length: 2. m |
Packed | Apiezon L | 120. | 446. | Bogoslovsky, Anvaer, et al., 1978 | Celite 545 |
Packed | Apiezon L | 160. | 453. | Bogoslovsky, Anvaer, et al., 1978 | Celite 545 |
Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 110. | 876.1 | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm |
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 50. | 867.0 | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm |
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 70. | 869.4 | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm |
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 90. | 871.8 | Héberger and Görgényi, 1999 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm |
Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-Wax | 828. | Umano and Shibamoto, 1987 | He, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 200. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-1 | 470. | Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, 6. K/min; Tstart: -50. C; Tend: 180. C |
Capillary | DB-1 | 469. | Kaiser and Siegl, 1994 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, -50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min; Tend: 180. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | DB-1 | 462. | Place, Imhof, et al., 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 35C(5min) => 10C/min => 45C (5min) => 5C/min => 250C (10min) |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | CP-Wax 52CB | 851. | Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006 | 60. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 840. | Bianchi, Cantoni, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 220C(1min) |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 840. | Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min) |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 846. | Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min) |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Packed | Synachrom | 150. | 450. | Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971 | Helium, Synachrom (60-80 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m |
Packed | Synachrom | 150. | 459. | Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971 | Helium, Synachrom (60-80 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | HP-5 | 480. | Isidorov, Purzynska, et al., 2006 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | OV-101 | 465. | Zenkevich, 2005 | 25. m/0.20 mm/0.10 μm, N2/He, 6. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 250. C |
Capillary | SE-54 | 470. | Huang, Liang, et al., 1996 | 36. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 240. C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal
Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | PEG-20M | 100. to 150. | 846. | Wang and Wu, 1990 | N2; Column length: 58. m; Column diameter: 0.35 mm |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 852. | Rochat and Chaintreau, 2005 | 60. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 240. C @ 20. min |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 854. | Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 840. | Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Capillary | DB-Wax | 838. | Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998 | 60. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 50. C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capillary | HP-Innowax | 864. | Cajka, Riddellova, et al., 2010 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 45 0C (1 min) 5 oC/min -> 170 0C 10 0C/min -> 260 0C (1 min) |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G.,
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018
. [all data]
Ohno, Okamura, et al., 1995
Ohno, K.; Okamura, K.; Yamakado, H.; Hoshino, S.; Takami, T.; Yamauchi, M.,
Penning ionization of HCHO, CH2CH2, and CH2CHCHO by collision with He*(2 3S) metastable atoms,
J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 14247. [all data]
Bock, Mohmand, et al., 1982
Bock, H.; Mohmand, S.; Hirabayashi, T.; Semkow, A.,
Thioacrolein: Das stabilste C3H4S-Isomers und sein PE-spektroskopischer Nachweis in der gasphase,
Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1339. [all data]
Von Niessen, Bieri, et al., 1980
Von Niessen, W.; Bieri, G.; Asbrink, L.,
30.4 nm He(II) photoelectron spectra of organic molecules. Part III. Oxo-compounds (C,H,O),
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 175. [all data]
Van Dam and Oskam, 1978
Van Dam, H.; Oskam, A.,
He(I) and He(II) photoelectron spectra of some substituted ethylenes,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1978, 13, 273. [all data]
Masclet and Mouvier, 1978
Masclet, P.; Mouvier, G.,
Etude par spectrometrie photoelectronique d'aldehydes et de cetones ethyleniques conjugues,
J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1978, 14, 77. [all data]
Katrib and Rabalais, 1973
Katrib, A.; Rabalais, J.W.,
Electronic interaction between the vinyl group and its substituents,
J. Phys. Chem., 1973, 77, 2358. [all data]
Reed and Thornley, 1958
Reed, R.I.; Thornley, M.B.,
Studies in electron impact methods. Part 5. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, and propionaldehyde,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1958, 54, 949. [all data]
Watanabe, 1957
Watanabe, K.,
Ionization potentials of some molecules,
J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 542. [all data]
Walsh, 1945
Walsh, A.D.,
The absorption spectra of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and mesityl oxide in the vacuum ultra-violet,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1945, 41, 498. [all data]
Schweig, Vermeer, et al., 1974
Schweig, A.; Vermeer, H.; Weidner, U.,
A photoelectron spectroscopic study of keto-enol tautomerism in acetylacetones - a new application of photoelectron spectroscopy,
Chem. Phys. Lett., 1974, 26, 229. [all data]
Haney and Franklin, 1969
Haney, M.A.; Franklin, J.L.,
Excess energies in mass spectra of some oxygen-containing organic compounds,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1969, 65, 1794. [all data]
Héberger and Görgényi, 1999
Héberger, K.; Görgényi, M.,
Principal component analysis of Kováts indices for carbonyl compounds in capillary gas chromatography,
J. Chromatogr., 1999, 845, 1-2, 21-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00323-4
. [all data]
Winskowski, 1983
Winskowski, J.,
Gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Stoffen anhand von Indexziffem und unterschiedlichen Detektoren,
Chromatographia, 1983, 17, 3, 160-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02271041
. [all data]
Bogoslovsky, Anvaer, et al., 1978
Bogoslovsky, Yu.N.; Anvaer, B.I.; Vigdergauz, M.S.,
Chromatographic constants in gas chromatography (in Russian), Standards Publ. House, Moscow, 1978, 192. [all data]
Umano and Shibamoto, 1987
Umano, K.; Shibamoto, T.,
Analysis of headspace volatiles from overheated beef fat,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1987, 35, 1, 14-18, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00073a004
. [all data]
Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996
Helmig, D.; Pollock, W.; Greenberg, J.; Zimmerman, P.,
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile organic trace gases at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii,
J. Geophys. Res., 1996, 101, D9, 14697-14710, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00212
. [all data]
Kaiser and Siegl, 1994
Kaiser, E.W.; Siegl, W.O.,
High resolution gas chromatographic determination of the atmospheric reactivity of engine-out hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignited engine,
J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 4, 264-270, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170414
. [all data]
Place, Imhof, et al., 2003
Place, R.B.; Imhof, M.; Teuber, M.; Olivier Bosset, J.,
Distribution of the volatile (flavour) compounds in Raclette cheese produced with different staphylococci in the smear,
Mitt. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg., 2003, 94, 192-211. [all data]
Mahadevan and Farmer, 2006
Mahadevan, K.; Farmer, L.,
Key Odor Impact Compounds in Three Yeast Extract Pastes,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 19, 7242-7250, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061102x
. [all data]
Bianchi, Cantoni, et al., 2007
Bianchi, F.; Cantoni, C.; Careri, M.; Chiesa, L.; Musci, M.; Pinna, A.,
Characterization of the aromatic profile for the authentication and differentiation of typical Italian dry-sausages,
Talanta, 2007, 72, 4, 1552-1563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.02.019
. [all data]
Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007
Bianchi, F.; Careri, M.; Mangia, A.; Musci, M.,
Retention indices in the analysis of food aroma volatile compounds in temperature-programmed gas chromatography: Database creation and evaluation of precision and robustness,
J. Sep. Sci., 2007, 39, 4, 563-572, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200600393
. [all data]
Dufka, Malinsky, et al., 1971
Dufka, O.; Malinsky, J.; Vladyka, J.,
Sorpcni materialy pro plynovou chromatographii - III,
Chemicky promysl., 1971, 21/46, 9, 459-463. [all data]
Isidorov, Purzynska, et al., 2006
Isidorov, V.; Purzynska, A.; Modzelewska, A.; Serowiecka, M.,
Distribution coefficients of aliphatic alcohols, carbonyl compounds and esters between air and Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber coating,
Anal. Chim. Acta., 2006, 560, 1-2, 103-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.043
. [all data]
Zenkevich, 2005
Zenkevich, I.G.,
Experimentally measured retention indices., 2005. [all data]
Huang, Liang, et al., 1996
Huang, C.; Liang, H.; Han, S.,
The analysis of organic compounds in waste water by gas extraction/thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,
Chin. J. Chromatogr., 1996, 14, 6, 421-424. [all data]
Wang and Wu, 1990
Wang, Z.; Wu, C.,
Volatile matter of Chinese lacquer,
Lin chan hua xue yu gong ye, 1990, 10, 1, 39-41. [all data]
Rochat and Chaintreau, 2005
Rochat, S.; Chaintreau, A.,
Carbonyl Odorants Contributing to the In-Oven Roast Beef Top Note,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 24, 9578-9585, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf058089l
. [all data]
Vichi, Castellote, et al., 2003
Vichi, S.; Castellote, A.I.; Pizzale, L.; Conte, L.S.; Buxaderas, S.; López-Tamames, E.,
Analysis of virgin olive oil volatile compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 983, 1-2, 19-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01691-6
. [all data]
Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2003
Vichi, S.; Pizzale, L.; Conte, L.S.; Buxaderas, S.; López-Tamames, E.,
Solid-phase microextraction in the analysis of virgin olive oil volatile fraction: modifications induced by oxidation and suitable markers of oxidative status,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 22, 6564-6571, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030268k
. [all data]
Horiuchi, Umano, et al., 1998
Horiuchi, M.; Umano, K.; Shibamoto, T.,
Analysis of volatile compounds formed from fish oil heated with cysteine and trimethylamine oxide,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 12, 5232-5237, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980482m
. [all data]
Cajka, Riddellova, et al., 2010
Cajka, T.; Riddellova, K.; Klimankova, E.; Carna, M.; Pudil, F.; Hajslova, J.,
Traceability of olive oil based on volatiles pattern and multivariante analysis,
Food Chem., 2010, 121, 1, 282-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.011
. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
AE Appearance energy IE (evaluated) Recommended ionization energy - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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