Benzene, 1,4-dichloro-

• Formula: C₆H₄Cl₂
• Molecular weight: 147.002
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C6H4Cl2/c7-5-1-2-6(8)4-3-5/h1-4H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 106-46-7
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • 1,4-Dichlorobenzene-D4
• Other names: Benzene, p-dichloro-; p-Chlorophenyl chloride; p-Dichlorobenzene; Di-chloricide; Evola; Paradi; Paradow; Paramoth; Persia-Perazol; PDB; Santochlor; 1,4-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichlorobenzol; Paradichlorobenzol; para-Dichlorobenzene; p-Dichloorbenzeen; p-Dichlorbenzol; p-Diclorobenzene; Dichlorobenzene; Dichlorobenzene, p-; NCI-C54955; para crystals; Paracide; Paranuggets; Parazene; 1,4-Dichloorbenzeen; 1,4-Dichlor-benzol; 1,4-Diclorobenzene; Dichlorobenzene, para; Globol; Paradichlorbenzol; Rcra waste number U070; Rcra waste number U071; Rcra waste number U072; UN 1592; Dichlorocide; Kaydox; p-Dichlorbenzene; NSC 36935; 1,4-chlorobenzene
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Gas Chromatography
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
  • Switch to calorie-based units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.

Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Enthalpy of phase transition

Entropy of phase transition

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C₆H₃Cl₂^- +  =

By formula: C₆H₃Cl₂^- + H⁺ = C₆H₄Cl₂

=

By formula: C₆H₄Cl₂ = C₆H₄Cl₂

=

By formula: C₆H₄Cl₂ = C₆H₄Cl₂

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₆H₃Cl₂^- +  =

By formula: C₆H₃Cl₂^- + H⁺ = C₆H₄Cl₂

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

• SOLUTION (10% IN CCl4 FOR 3800-1300, 10% IN CS2 FOR 1300-650, AND 5% IN CCl4 FOR 650-360 CM^-1) VERSUS SOLVENT; PERKIN-ELMER 521 (GRATING); DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

• gas

Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.

For Zoom

1.) Enter the desired X axis range (e.g., 100, 200)

2.) Check here for automatic Y scaling

3.) Press here to zoom

Additional Data

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Platonov and Simulin, 1984
Platonov, V.A.; Simulin, Yu.N., Experimental determination of the standard enthalpies of formation of polychlorobenzenes. II. Standard enthalpies of formation of dichlorobenzenes, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1984, 58, 1630-1632. [all data]

Dworkin, Figuiere, et al., 1976
Dworkin, A.; Figuiere, P.; Ghelfenstein, M.; Szwarc, H., Heat Capacities, Enthalpies of Transition, and Thermodynamic Properties of the Three Solid Phases of p-Dichlorobenzene from 20 to 330 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1976, 8, 835-44. [all data]

Spieksma, Luijk, et al., 1994
Spieksma, Walter; Luijk, Ronald; Govers, Harrie A.J., Determination of the liquid vapour pressure of low-volatility compounds from the Kováts retention index, Journal of Chromatography A, 1994, 672, 1-2, 141-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80602-0 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Basarová and Svoboda, 1991
Basarová, Pavlína; Svoboda, Václav, Calculation of heats of vaporization of halogenated hydrocarbons from saturated vapour pressure data, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1991, 68, 13-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(91)85008-I . [all data]

Oonk, van Genderen, et al., 2000
Oonk, Harry A.J.; van Genderen, Aad C.G.; Blok, Jacobus G.; van der Linde, Peter R., Vapour pressures of crystalline and liquid 1,4-dibromo- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene; lattice energies of 1,4-dihalobenzenes, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2000, 2, 24, 5614-5618, https://doi.org/10.1039/b005324o . [all data]

An and Zheng, 1989
An, Xuwu; Zheng, Xiaolin, Determination of Standard Enthalpies of Vaporization and Sublimation of Three Dichlorobenzenes, Acta Phys. Chim. Sin., 1989, 5, 4, 487-491, https://doi.org/10.3866/PKU.WHXB19890421 . [all data]

Rohác, Ruzicka, et al., 1999
Rohác, Vladislav; Ruzicka, Vlastimil; Ruzicka, Kvetoslav; Polednicek, Milos; Aim, Karel; Jose, Jacques; Zábranský, Milan, Recommended vapour and sublimation pressures and related thermal data for chlorobenzenes, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1999, 157, 1, 121-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3812(99)00003-5 . [all data]

Rohác, Ruzicka, et al., 1998
Rohác, Vladislav; Ruzicka, Vlastimil; Ruzicka, Kvetoslav; Aim, Karel, Measurements of Saturated Vapor Pressure above the Liquid Phase for Isomeric Dichlorobenzenes and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1998, 43, 5, 770-775, https://doi.org/10.1021/je9701442 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

McDonald, Shrader, et al., 1959
McDonald, R.A.; Shrader, S.A.; Stull, D.R., Vapor Pressures and Freezing Points of Thirty Pure Organic Compounds., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1959, 4, 4, 311-313, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60004a009 . [all data]

Liu and Dickhut, 1994
Liu, Kewen; Dickhut, Rebecca M., Saturation vapor pressures and thermodynamic properties of benzene and selected chlorinated benzenes at environmental temperatures, Chemosphere, 1994, 29, 3, 581-589, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90445-6 . [all data]

Shaub, 1985
Shaub, W.M., Containment of dioxin emissions from refuse fired thermal processing units - prospects and technical issues, Thermochimica Acta, 1985, 85, 435-438, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(85)85614-8 . [all data]

Walsh and Smith, 1961
Walsh, P.N.; Smith, N.O., Sublimation pressure of a-p-dichloro-,β-p-dichloro-, p-dibromo-, and p-bromochlorobenzene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1961, 6, 33. [all data]

Walsh and Smith, 1961, 2
Walsh, P.N.; Smith, N.O., Sublimation Pressure of α-p-Dichloro-β-p-Dichloro, and p-Dibromo-, and p-Bromochlorobenzene., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1961, 6, 1, 33-35, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60009a010 . [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press Inc., London, 1970, 643. [all data]

Darkis, Vermillion, et al., 1940
Darkis, F.R.; Vermillion, H.E.; Gross, P.M., p--Dichlorobenzene as a Vapor Fumigant Physical and Chemical Studies, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1940, 32, 7, 946-949, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50367a018 . [all data]

Jones, 1960
Jones, A.H., Sublimation Pressure Data for Organic Compounds., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1960, 5, 2, 196-200, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60006a019 . [all data]

Wei and Jin, 2009
Wei, Dongwei; Jin, Kexin, (Solid+liquid) equilibria of (naphthalene+isomeric dichlorobenzenes), The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2009, 41, 2, 145-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2008.10.005 . [all data]

Wei, 2008
Wei, Dongwei, (Solid+liquid) equilibria of (phenanthrene+dichlorobenzenes), Thermochimica Acta, 2008, 479, 1-2, 32-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2008.09.010 . [all data]

van der Linde, van Miltenburg, et al., 2005
van der Linde, Peter R.; van Miltenburg, J. Cees; van den Berg, Gerrit J.K.; Oonk, Harry A.J., Low-Temperature Heat Capacities and Derived Thermodynamic Functions of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-Dibromobenzene, 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene, and 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2005, 50, 1, 164-172, https://doi.org/10.1021/je049762q . [all data]

Acree, 1991
Acree, William E., Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation, Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H . [all data]

Booss and Hauschildt, 1972
Booss, H.J.; Hauschildt, K.R., Die Schmelzenthalpie des Benzils und 4-Nitrophenols, Z. Anal. Chem., 1972, 261(1), 32. [all data]

Ueberreiter and Orthmann, 1950
Ueberreiter, K.; Orthmann, H.-J., Specifische Wärme, spezifisches Volumen, Temperatur- und Wärme-leittähigkeit einiger disubstituierter Benzole und polycyclischer Systeme, Z. Natursforsch. 5a, 1950, 101-108. [all data]

Narbutt, 1918
Narbutt, J., Die Spezifischen Warmen und Schmelzwarmen der dichloro-, chlorbrom-, dibrom-, bromjod-, und dijodbenzole. I, Z. Elektrochem., 1918, 24, 339-342. [all data]

Petropavlov, Tsygankova, et al., 1988
Petropavlov, N.N.; Tsygankova, I.G.; Teslenko, L.A., Microcalorimetric investigation of polymorphic transitions in organic crystals, Sov. Phys. Crystallogr., 1988, 33(6), 853-855. [all data]

Dworkin, Figuiere, et al., 1976, 2
Dworkin, A.; Figuiere, P.; Ghelfenstein, M.; Szwarc, H., Heat capacities, enthalpies of transition, and thermodynamic properties of the three solid phases of p-dichlorobenzene from 20 to 330 K, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 835-844. [all data]

Dworkin, Figuiere, et al., 1975
Dworkin, A.; Figuiere, P.; Ghelfenstein, M.; Szwarc, H., Thermodynamic properties of the three solid phases of p-dichlorobenzene, Quatrieme Conference International de Thermodynamique Chimique, 1975, II, Thermophysique (capacites thermiques) pp. [all data]

Schlosser, Marzi, et al., 2001
Schlosser, M.; Marzi, E.; Cottet, F.; Buker, H.H.; Nibbering, N.M.M., The acidity of chloro-substituted benzenes: A comparison of gas phase, ab initio, and kinetic data, Chem. Eur. J., 2001, 7, 16, 3511-3516, https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20010817)7:16<3511::AID-CHEM3511>3.0.CO;2-U . [all data]

Godnev and Sverdlin, 1961
Godnev, I.N.; Sverdlin, A.S., Equilibrium and dichlorobenzene isomer (Corrections), Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1961, 35, 231-232. [all data]

Fujisawa, Oonishi, et al., 1991
Fujisawa, S.; Oonishi, I.; Masuda, S.; Ohno, K.; Harada, Y., Penning ionization electron spectroscopy of dichlorobenzenes, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 4250. [all data]

Olesik, Baer, et al., 1986
Olesik, S.; Baer, T.; Morrow, J.C., Dissociation rates of energy-selected dichloro- and dibromobenzene ions, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 3563. [all data]

Ruscic, Klasinc, et al., 1981
Ruscic, B.; Klasinc, L.; Wolf, A.; Knop, J.V., Photoelectron spectra of and Ab initio calculations on chlorobenzenes. 1. Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes, J. Phys. Chem., 1981, 85, 1486. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Maier and Marthaler, 1978
Maier, J.P.; Marthaler, O., Emission spectra of the radical cations of 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene in the gas phase, Chem. Phys., 1978, 32, 419. [all data]

Lias and Ausloos, 1978
Lias, S.G.; Ausloos, P.J., eIonization energies of organic compounds by equilibrium measurements, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 6027. [all data]

Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960
Bralsford, R.; Harris, P.V.; Price, W.C., The effect of fluorine on the electronic spectra and ionization potentials of molecules, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1960, A258, 459. [all data]

Potts, Lyus, et al., 1980
Potts, A.W.; Lyus, M.L.; Lee, E.P.F.; Fattahallah, G.H., High resolution ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of C₆H₅X and p-C₆H₄X₂ where X = Cl, Br or I, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1980, 76, 556. [all data]

Streets and Ceasar, 1973
Streets, D.G.; Ceasar, G.P., Inductive mesomeric effects on the π orbitals of halobenzenes, Mol. Phys., 1973, 26, 1037. [all data]

Brown, 1970
Brown, P., Kinetic studies in mass spectrometry-IV. The [M - Cl] reaction in substituted chlorobenzenes and the question of molecular ion isomerization, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1970, 3, 639. [all data]

Harangi, 2003
Harangi, J., Short communication. Retention index calculation without n-alkanes -- the virtual carbon number, J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 993, 1-2, 187-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00320-0 . [all data]

Santiuste, Harangi, et al., 2003
Santiuste, J.M.; Harangi, J.; Takács, J.M., Mosaic increments for predicting the gas chromatographic retention data of the chlorobenzenes, J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 1002, 1-2, 155-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00736-2 . [all data]

Santiuste J.M. and Takacs J.M., 2003
Santiuste J.M.; Takacs J.M., Relationships between retention data of benzene and chlorobenzenes with their physico-chemical properties and topological indices, Chromatographia, 2003, 58, 87-96. [all data]

Vezzani, Bertocchi, et al., 1998
Vezzani, S.; Bertocchi, A.; Moretti, P.; Castello, G., Prediction of the gas chromatographic retention values of chlorobenzenes on different station phases by using structure-retention correlations, J. Chromatogr. A, 1998, 803, 1-2, 211-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01281-8 . [all data]

Evans and Haken, 1989
Evans, M.B.; Haken, J.K., Dispersion and selectivity indices in gas chromatography. IV. Chlorinated aromatic compounds, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 468, 373-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96332-5 . [all data]

Tarjan, Nyiredy, et al., 1989
Tarjan, G.; Nyiredy, Sz.; Gyor, M.; Lombosi, E.R.; Lombosi, T.S.; Budahegyi, M.V.; Meszaros, S.Y.; Takacs, J.M., Review. Thirtieth Anniversary of the Retention Index According to Kovats in Gas-Liquid Chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 472, 1-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94099-8 . [all data]

Haken and Korhonene, 1983
Haken, J.K.; Korhonene, I.O.O., Retention increments of isomeric chlorobenzenes, J. Chromatogr., 1983, 265, 323-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96727-5 . [all data]

Ramarathnam, Rubin, et al., 1993
Ramarathnam, N.; Rubin, L.J.; Diosady, L.L., Studies on meat flavor. 4. Fractionation, characterization, and quantitation of volatiles from uncured and cured beef and chicken, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 6, 939-945, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00030a020 . [all data]

Ramsey, Lee, et al., 1980
Ramsey, J.D.; Lee, T.D.; Osselton, M.D.; Moffat, A.C., Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 296 non-drug substances on SE-30 or OV-1 likely to be encountered in toxicological analyses, J. Chromatogr., 1980, 184, 2, 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85641-1 . [all data]

Pérez-Parajón, Santiuste, et al., 2004
Pérez-Parajón, J.M.; Santiuste, J.M.; Takács, J.M., Sensitivity of the methylbenzenes and chlorobenzenes retention index to column temperature, stationary phase polarity, and number and chemical nature of substituents, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1048, 2, 223-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.028 . [all data]

Xu, van Stee, et al., 2003
Xu, X.; van Stee, L.L.P.; Williams, J.; Beens, J.; Adahchour, M.; Vreuls, R.J.J.; Brinkman, U.A.Th.; Lelieveld, J., Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) measurements of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2003, 3, 3, 665-682, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-665-2003 . [all data]

Richmond and Pombo-Villar, 1997
Richmond, R.; Pombo-Villar, E., Short communication. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with pseudo-Sadtler retention indices, for the identification of components in the essential oil of Curcuma longa L., J. Chromatogr. A, 1997, 760, 2, 303-308, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)00802-3 . [all data]

Gautzsch and Zinn, 1996
Gautzsch, R.; Zinn, P., Use of incremental models to estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds, Chromatographia, 1996, 43, 3/4, 163-176, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02292946 . [all data]

Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996
Helmig, D.; Pollock, W.; Greenberg, J.; Zimmerman, P., Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile organic trace gases at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 1996, 101, D9, 14697-14710, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00212 . [all data]

Gerbino and Castello, 1995
Gerbino, T.C.; Castello, G., Prediction of programmed temperature retention indices on capillary columns of different polarities, J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 699, 1-2, 161-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00024-H . [all data]

White, Hackett, et al., 1992
White, C.M.; Hackett, J.; Anderson, R.R.; Kail, S.; Spock, P.S., Linear temperature programmed retention indices of gasoline range hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 2, 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150211 . [all data]

Yasuhara, Shiraishi, et al., 1997
Yasuhara, A.; Shiraishi, H.; Nishikawa, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Uehiro, T.; Nakasugi, O.; Okumura, T.; Kenmotsu, K.; Fukui, H.; Nagase, M.; Ono, Y.; Kawagoshi, Y.; Baba, K.; Noma, Y., Determination of organic components in leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites in Japan by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1997, 774, 1-2, 321-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00078-2 . [all data]

Peng, Ding, et al., 1988
Peng, C.T.; Ding, S.F.; Hua, R.L.; Yang, Z.C., Prediction of Retention Indexes I. Structure-Retention Index Relationship on Apolar Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 436, 137-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94575-8 . [all data]

Alasalvar, Taylor, et al., 2005
Alasalvar, C.; Taylor, K.D.A.; Shahidi, F., Comparison of volatiles of cultured and wild sea bream (Sparus aurata) during storage in ice by dynamic headspace analysis/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 7, 2616-2622, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0483826 . [all data]

Chung, Yung, et al., 2002
Chung, H.-Y.; Yung, I.K.S.; Ma, W.C.J.; Kim, J.-S., Analysis of volatile components in frozen and dried scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Food Res. Int., 2002, 35, 1, 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00107-7 . [all data]

Chung, Yung, et al., 2001
Chung, H.Y.; Yung, I.K.S.; Kim, J.-S., Comparison of volatile components in dried scallops (Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis) prepared by boiling and steaming methods, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 1, 192-202, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000692a . [all data]

Chung, 1999
Chung, H.Y., Volatile components in crabmeats of Charybdis feriatus, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1999, 47, 6, 2280-2287, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981027t . [all data]

Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1994
Shiratsuchi, H.; Shimoda, M.; Imayoshi, K.; Noda, K.; Osajima, Y., Volatile flavor compounds in spray-dried skim milk powder, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1994, 42, 4, 984-988, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00040a028 . [all data]

Sumitani, Suekane, et al., 1994
Sumitani, H.; Suekane, S.; Nakatani, A.; Tatsuka, K., Changes in composition of volatile compounds in high pressure treated peach, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1994, 42, 3, 785-790, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00039a037 . [all data]

Matiella and Hsieh, 1990
Matiella, J.E.; Hsieh, T.C.-Y., Analysis of crabmeat volatile compounds, J. Food Sci., 1990, 55, 4, 962-966, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01575.x . [all data]

Bermejo, Moinelo, et al., 1980
Bermejo, J.; Moinelo, S.R.; Suarez Canga, C., Calculo de indices de retencion a patir de DI y de la polaridad de la fase, Calculo de indices de retencion a patir de DI y de la polaridad de la fase, Instituto Nacional del Carbon y sus Derivados Francisco Pintado Fe (INCAR), La Corredoria, Oviedo, Espana, 1980, 13. [all data]

Zenkevich, Moeder, et al., 2004
Zenkevich, I.G.; Moeder, M.; Koeller, G.; Schrader, S., Using new structurally related additive schemes in the precalculation of gas chromatographic retention indices of polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyls on HP-5 stationary phase, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1025, 2, 227-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.106 . [all data]

Health Safety Executive, 2000
Health Safety Executive, MDHS 96 Volatile organic compounds in air - Laboratory method using pumed solid sorbent tubes, solvent desorption and gas chromatography in Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) guidance, Crown, Colegate, Norwich, 2000, 1-24, retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/pdfs/mdhs96.pdf. [all data]

Messadi and Ali-Mokhnache, 1993
Messadi, D.; Ali-Mokhnache, S., Calculation of retention indices and peak widths in temperature programmed gas-liquid chromatography, Chromatographia, 1993, 37, 5/6, 264-270, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02278631 . [all data]

Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986
Harland, B.J.; Cumming, R.I.; Gillings, E., The Kovats indexes of some organic micropollutants on an SE54 capillary column, EUR, I Org. Micropollut. Aquat. Environ., 1986, EUR 10388, 123-127. [all data]

Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012
Robinson, A.L.; Adams, D.O.; Boss, P.K.; Heymann, H.; Solomon, P.S.; Trengove, R.D., Influence of geographic origine on the sensory characteristics and wine composition of Vitus viniferas cv. Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Australia (Supplemental data), Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 2012, 64, 4, 467-476, https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2012.12023 . [all data]

Skogerson, Wohlgemuth, et al., 2011
Skogerson, K.; Wohlgemuth, G.; Fiehn, O., VocBinNase, 2011, retrieved from http://fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/projects//VocBinBase. [all data]

Mebazaa, Mahmoudi, et al., 2009
Mebazaa, R.; Mahmoudi, A.; Fouchet, M.; Dos Santos, M.; Kamissoko, F.; Nafti, A.; Ben Cheikh, R.; Rega, B.; Camel, V., Characterization of volatile compounds in Tunisian fenugreek seeds, Food Chem., 2009, 115, 4, 1326-1336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.066 . [all data]

Zenkevich, Eliseenkov, et al., 2006
Zenkevich, I.G.; Eliseenkov, E.V.; Kasatochkin, A.N., Application of Retention Indices in GC-MS Identification of Halogenated Organic Compounds, Mass Spectromery (Rus.), 2006, 3, 2, 131-140. [all data]

Yu and Zazhi, 2005
Yu, H.; Zazhi, J., Relationship between chromatogram retention index and toxicity of chlorinated phenols and chlorinated benzenes to Guppy, J. Enviropn. Health (Chinese), 2005, 22, 6, 441-444. [all data]

Fuhrer, Deissler, et al., 1997
Fuhrer, U.; Deissler, A.; Schreitmuller, J.; Ballschmiter, K., Analysis of Halogenated Methoxybenzenes and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the Picogram m-3 Range in Marine Air, Chromatographia, 1997, 45, 1, 414-427, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02505594 . [all data]

Zenkevich and Chupalov, 1996
Zenkevich, I.G.; Chupalov, A.A., New Possibilities of Chromato Mass Pectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds Using Increments of Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices of Molecular Structural Fragments, Zh. Org. Khim. (Rus.), 1996, 32, 5, 656-666. [all data]

Sorimachi, Tanabe, et al., 1995
Sorimachi, J.; Tanabe, A.; Mitobe, H.; Kuniaki, K.; Masaaki, S., Programmed temperature retention indices for volatile organic compounds on headspace GC/MS analysis, Niigata-ken Eisei Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo, 1995, 11, 75-79. [all data]

Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1994
Ciccioli, P.; Cecinato, A.; Brancaleoni, E.; Brachetti, A.; Frattoni, M.; Sparapani, R., Composition and Distribution of Polar and Non-Polar VOCs in Urban, Rural, Forest and Remote Areas, Eur Commission EUR, 1994, 549-568. [all data]

Vezzani, Moretti, et al., 1994
Vezzani, S.; Moretti, P.; Castello, G., Fast and Accurate Method for the Automatic Prediction of Programmed-Temperature Retention Times, J. Chromatogr. A, 1994, 677, 2, 331-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80161-4 . [all data]

Nakano, Fujimori, et al., 1992
Nakano, T.; Fujimori, K.; Takaishi, Y.; Okuno, T., GC/MS-SIM analysis of polychlorobenzenes, polychlorophenols and polychloronaphthalenes, Report of the Environmental Science Institute of Hyogo Prefecture, 1992, 24, 30-37. [all data]

Ibrahim and Suffet, 1988
Ibrahim, E.A.; Suffet, I.H., Freon FC-113, an Alternative to Methylene Chloride for Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Trace Organics from Chlorinated Drinking Water, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 454, 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88615-X . [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]

Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982
Ramsey, J.D.; Flanagan, R.J., Detection and Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Solvent Abuse, J. Chromatogr., 1982, 240, 2, 423-444, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)99622-5 . [all data]

Ardrey and Moffat, 1981
Ardrey, R.E.; Moffat, A.C., Gas-liquid chromatographic retention indices of 1318 substances of toxicological interest on SE-30 or OV-1 stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1981, 220, 3, 195-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)81925-1 . [all data]

Pontes, Marques, et al., 2007
Pontes, M.; Marques, J.C.; Camara, J.S., Screening of volatile composition from Portuguese multifloral honeys using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry, Talanta, 2007, 74, 1, 91-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.05.037 . [all data]

Vrana, Paschke, et al., 2005
Vrana, B.; Paschke, H.; Paschke, A.; Popp, P.; Schuurmann, G., Performance of semipermeable membrane devices for sampling of organic contaminants in groun water, J. Envirom. Monit., 2005, 7, 5, 500-508, https://doi.org/10.1039/b411645c . [all data]

Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 1993
Donnelly, J.R.; Abdel-Hamid, M.S.; Jeter, J.L.; Gurka, D.F., Application of gas chromatographic retention properties to the identification of environmental contaminants, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 1-2, 409-415, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80106-I . [all data]

Eckel, Ross, et al., 1993
Eckel, W.P.; Ross, B.; Isensee, R.K., Pentobarbital found in ground water, Ground Water, 1993, 31, 5, 801-804, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00853.x . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔHtrs	Enthalpy of phase transition
  ΔStrs	Entropy of phase transition
  ΔfH(+) ion,0K	Enthalpy of formation of positive ion at 0K
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔsubH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
• Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.