Benzonitrile

• Formula: C₇H₅N
• Molecular weight: 103.1213
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H5N/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 100-47-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Benzene, cyano-; Benzoic acid nitrile; Cyanobenzene; Phenyl cyanide; Benzenenitrile; Fenylkyanid; UN 2224
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
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Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₅N = (Br^- • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₅N = (Cl^- • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

C₇H₄N^- +  =

By formula: C₇H₄N^- + H⁺ = C₇H₅N

C₆H₇N⁺ +  = (C₆H₇N⁺ • )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₅N = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

C₁₁H₁₀⁺ +  = (C₁₁H₁₀⁺ • )

By formula: C₁₁H₁₀⁺ + C₇H₅N = (C₁₁H₁₀⁺ • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₅N = (NO^- • C₇H₅N)

CH₆N⁺ +  = (CH₆N⁺ • )

By formula: CH₆N⁺ + C₇H₅N = (CH₆N⁺ • C₇H₅N)

Henry's Law data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

k_H(T) = k°_H exp(d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°_H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(k_H))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₇H₅N⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

C₇H₄N^- +  =

By formula: C₇H₄N^- + H⁺ = C₇H₅N

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, UV/Visible spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Br^- + C₇H₅N = (Br^- • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

CH₆N⁺ +  = (CH₆N⁺ • )

By formula: CH₆N⁺ + C₇H₅N = (CH₆N⁺ • C₇H₅N)

C₆H₇N⁺ +  = (C₆H₇N⁺ • )

By formula: C₆H₇N⁺ + C₇H₅N = (C₆H₇N⁺ • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

C₁₁H₁₀⁺ +  = (C₁₁H₁₀⁺ • )

By formula: C₁₁H₁₀⁺ + C₇H₅N = (C₁₁H₁₀⁺ • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: Cl^- + C₇H₅N = (Cl^- • C₇H₅N)

Free energy of reaction

 +  = ( • )

By formula: NO^- + C₇H₅N = (NO^- • C₇H₅N)

UV/Visible spectrum

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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Additional Data

References

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, UV/Visible spectrum, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Paul and Kebarle, 1991
Paul, G.J.C.; Kebarle, P., Stabilities of Complexes of Br- with Substituted Benzenes (SB) Based on Determinations of the Gas-Phase Equilibria Br- + SB = (BrSB)-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 4, 1148, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00004a014 . [all data]

Meot-ner and Kafafi, 1988
Meot-ner, M.; Kafafi, S.A., Carbon Acidities of Aromatic Compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 19, 6297, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00227a003 . [all data]

Kiefer, Zhang, et al., 1997
Kiefer, J.H.; Zhang, Q.; Kern, R.D.; Yao, J.; Jursic, B., Pyrolysis of Aromatic Azines: Pyrazine, Pyrimidine, and Pyridine, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 38, 7061, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp970211z . [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and El-Shall, 1986
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; El-Shall, M.S., Ionic Charge Transfer Complexes. 1. Cationic Complexes with Delocalized and Partially Localized pi Systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 15, 4386, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00275a026 . [all data]

El-Shall and Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1987
El-Shall, M.S.; Meot-Ner (Mautner), M., Ionic Charge Transfer Complexes. 3. Delocalised pi Systems as Electron Acceptors and Donors, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 5, 1088, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100289a017 . [all data]

Reents and Freiser, 1981
Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S., Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]

Farid and McMahon, 1978
Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B., Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(78)80037-0 . [all data]

Speller and Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1985
Speller, C.V.; Meot-Ner (Mautner), M., The Ionic Hydrogen Bond and Ion Solvation. 3. Bonds Involving Cyanides. Correlations with Proton Affinites, J. Phys. Chem., 1985, 81, 24, 5217, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100270a020 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Zlatkis, Lee, et al., 1983
Zlatkis, A.; Lee, C.K.; Wentworth, W.E.; Chen, E.C.M., Constant current linearization for determination of electron capture mechanisms, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 1596. [all data]

Wentworth, Kao, et al., 1975
Wentworth, W.E.; Kao, L.W.; Becker, R.S., Electron affinities of substituted aromatic compounds, J. Phys. Chem., 1975, 79, 1161. [all data]

Araki and Sato, 1996
Araki, M.; Sato, S.-i., Two-color zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectra of benzonitrile and its van der Waals complexes with argon. Adiabatic ionization potentials and cation vibrational frequencies, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 10542. [all data]

Klasinc, Kovac, et al., 1983
Klasinc, L.; Kovac, B.; Gusten, H., Photoelectron spectra of acenes. Electronic structure and substituent effects, Pure Appl. Chem., 1983, 55, 289. [all data]

Baldwin, 1979
Baldwin, M.A., Appearance energies and the kinetic shift. Loss of HCN from the benzonitrile molecular ion, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1979, 14, 601. [all data]

Behan, Johnstone, et al., 1976
Behan, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A.W.; Bentley, T.W., An evaluation of empirical methods for calculating the ionization potentials of substituted benzenes, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1976, 11, 207. [all data]

Rabalais and Colton, 1973
Rabalais, J.W.; Colton, R.J., Electronic interaction between the phenyl group and its unsaturated substituents, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1973, 1, 83. [all data]

McLafferty, Bente, et al., 1973
McLafferty, F.W.; Bente, P.F., III; Kornfeld, R.; Tsai, S.-C.; Howe, I., Collisional activation spectra of organic ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 2120. [all data]

Cooks, Bertrand, et al., 1973
Cooks, R.G.; Bertrand, M.; Beynon, J.H.; Rennekamp, M.E.; Setser, D.W., Energy partitioning data as an ion structure probe. Substituted anisoles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 1732. [all data]

Watanabe, Nakayama, et al., 1962
Watanabe, K.; Nakayama, T.; Mottl, J., Ionization potentials of some molecules, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1962, 2, 369. [all data]

Bieri, Asbrink, et al., 1982
Bieri, G.; Asbrink, L.; Von Niessen, W., 30.4-nm He(II) photoelectron spectra of organic molecules, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1982, 27, 129. [all data]

Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981
Kimura, K.; Katsumata, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamazaki, T.; Iwata, S., Ionization energies, Ab initio assignments, and valence electronic structure for 200 molecules in Handbook of HeI Photoelectron Spectra of Fundamental Organic Compounds, Japan Scientific Soc. Press, Tokyo, 1981. [all data]

Palmer, Moyes, et al., 1980
Palmer, M.H.; Moyes, W.; Spiers, M., The electronic structure of substituted benzenes: Ab initio calculations and photoelectron spectra for benzonitrile, the tolunitriles, fluorobenzonitriles, dicyanobenzenes and ethynylbenzene, J. Mol. Struct., 1980, 62, 165. [all data]

Neijzen and DeLange, 1978
Neijzen, B.J.M.; DeLange, C.A., Photoelectron spectroscopy of mono-dicyanobenzenes their perfluoro derivatives, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1978, 14, 187. [all data]

Kobayashi and Nagakura, 1974
Kobayashi, T.; Nagakura, S., Photoelectron spectra of substituted benzenes, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1974, 47, 2563. [all data]

Griebel, Hohlneicher, et al., 1974
Griebel, R.; Hohlneicher, G.; Dorr, F., A photoelectron spectroscopic study of benzonitrile, ethynylbenzene and some of its substituted derivatives, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 4, 185. [all data]

Baker, May, et al., 1968
Baker, A.D.; May, D.P.; Turner, D.W., Molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Part VII. The vertical ionisation potentials of benzene and some of its monosubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted derivatives, J. Chem. Soc. B, 1968, 22. [all data]

Burgers and Holmes, 1982
Burgers, P.C.; Holmes, J.L., Metastable ion studies. XIII. The measurement of appearance energies of metastable peaks, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1982, 17, 123. [all data]

Maccoll and Mathur, 1981
Maccoll, A.; Mathur, D., On the heat of formation of [C₆H₄], Org. Mass Spectrom., 1981, 16, 261. [all data]

Rosenstock, Stockbauer, et al., 1980
Rosenstock, H.M.; Stockbauer, R.; Parr, A.C., Photoelectron-photoion coincidence study of benzonitrile, J. Chim. Phys., 1980, 77, 745. [all data]

Bentley, Johnstone, et al., 1973
Bentley, T.W.; Johnstone, R.A.W.; McMaster, B.N., Appearance potentials of metastable and normal ions and the kinetic shift, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1973, 510. [all data]

Gross, 1972
Gross, M.L., Ion cyclotron resonance spectrometry. A means of evaluating 'kinetic shifts', Org. Mass Spectrom., 1972, 6, 827. [all data]

Howe and Williams, 1969
Howe, I.; Williams, D.H., Calculation and qualitative predictions of mass spectra. Mono- and paradisubstituted benzenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 7137. [all data]

Burgers and Holmes, 1984
Burgers, P.C.; Holmes, J.L., Fragmentation rate constants and appearance energies for reactions having a large kinetic shift and the energy partitioning in their metastable decomposition, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 1984, 58, 15. [all data]

Hirt and King, 1952
Hirt, R.C.; King, F.T., Search for weak absorption bands in benzonitrile in the near ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys., 1952, 20, 1821-1822. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, UV/Visible spectrum, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  AE	Appearance energy
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  T	Temperature
  d(ln(kH))/d(1/T)	Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant
  k°H	Henry's Law constant at 298.15K
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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