carbon

Data at NIST subscription sites:

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.


Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas171.29 ± 0.11kcal/molReviewCox, Wagman, et al., 1984CODATA Review value
Δfgas171.29kcal/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1983
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas,1 bar37.7868 ± 0.0007cal/mol*KReviewCox, Wagman, et al., 1984CODATA Review value
gas,1 bar37.787cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1983

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

View table.

Temperature (K) 298. to 6000.
A 5.060971
B -0.194175
C 0.107203
D -0.010338
E -0.003132
F 169.7770
G 43.94680
H 171.2880
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in March, 1983

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
solid,1 bar1.394cal/mol*KN/ATakahashi and Westrum, 1970amorphous phase; Values actually S-S0; there may be a residual entropy.
solid,1 bar1.482cal/mol*KN/ALutcov, Volga, et al., 1970T2 extrapolation below 50 K.

Constant pressure heat capacity of solid

Cp,solid (cal/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
2.553350.Dobrosavljevic, Perovic, et al., 1987T = 300 to 1800 K.
2.211298.15Lutcov, Volga, et al., 1970T = 52 to 302 K.
2.055298.15Takahashi and Westrum, 1970amorphous phase; T = 5-350 K.

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil4100.KN/AHonig and Kramer, 1969Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 100. K
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc7020.5KN/AChang, Ryoo, et al., 1985 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc7863.01atmN/AChang, Ryoo, et al., 1985 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Vc0.02662l/molN/AChang, Ryoo, et al., 1985 

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

(Carbon cation • 8carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 9carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 8C) + C = (C+ • 9C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr168.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M
Δr178. ± 23.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 6carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 7carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 6C) + C = (C+ • 7C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr155.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M
Δr125.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(C4- • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = C4-

By formula: (C4- • 4294967295C) + C = C4-

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr161.6 ± 3.7kcal/molN/AArnold, Bradforth, et al., 1991gas phase; Linear structure for both anion and neutral. Bound state 37.063 kcal/mol up: Zhao, de Beer, et al., 1996; B

4sodium + Ethene, chlorotrifluoro- = 2carbon + sodium chloride + 3sodium fluoride

By formula: 4Na + C2ClF3 = 2C + ClNa + 3FNa

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-376.7 ± 1.3kcal/molCmKolesov, Zenkov, et al., 1963gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -368.8 ± 1.3 kcal/mol; ALS

(C6- • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = C6-

By formula: (C6- • 4294967295C) + C = C6-

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-14.2 ± 5.7kcal/molN/AArnold, Zhao, et al., 1992gas phase; There is a bound state at 47.107 kcal/mol up; Zhao, de Beer, et al., 1996; B

(C7- • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = C7-

By formula: (C7- • 4294967295C) + C = C7-

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr114.2 ± 7.3kcal/molN/AArnold, Bradforth, et al., 1991gas phase; Linear structure for both neutral and anion; B

(C3- • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = C3-

By formula: (C3- • 4294967295C) + C = C3-

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr15.9 ± 2.0kcal/molN/AArnold, Bradforth, et al., 1991gas phase; Linear structure for both neutral and anion; B

(Carbon cation • carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 2carbon)

By formula: (C+ • C) + C = (C+ • 2C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr185. ± 16.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 2carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 3carbon)

By formula: (C- • 2C) + C = (C- • 3C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr168. ± 2.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 3carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 4carbon)

By formula: (C- • 3C) + C = (C- • 4C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr150. ± 5.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 2carbon)

By formula: (C- • C) + C = (C- • 2C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr150. ± 2.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 2carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 3carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 2C) + C = (C+ • 3C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr143.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 3carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 4carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 3C) + C = (C+ • 4C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr166.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 4carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 5carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 4C) + C = (C+ • 5C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr150.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 5carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 6carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 5C) + C = (C+ • 6C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr178.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 7carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 8carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 7C) + C = (C+ • 8C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr180.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 4carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 5carbon)

By formula: (C- • 4C) + C = (C- • 5C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr171.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 5carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 6carbon)

By formula: (C- • 5C) + C = (C- • 6C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr155.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 6carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 7carbon)

By formula: (C- • 6C) + C = (C- • 7C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr164.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 7carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 8carbon)

By formula: (C- • 7C) + C = (C- • 8C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr157.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon anion • 8carbon) + carbon = (Carbon anion • 9carbon)

By formula: (C- • 8C) + C = (C- • 9C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr159.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

Cyclobutane, octafluoro- + 4sodium = 4carbon + 8sodium fluoride

By formula: C4F8 + 4Na = 4C + 8FNa

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-714.5 ± 2.2kcal/molCcbKolesov, Talakin, et al., 1968gas phase; Correction of Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1964; ALS

Carbon cation + carbon = (Carbon cation • carbon)

By formula: C+ + C = (C+ • C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr148. ± 12.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

Carbon anion + carbon = (Carbon anion • carbon)

By formula: C- + C = (C- • C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr194. ± 2.kcal/molMSPargellis, 1990gas phase; equilibrium cluster distributions from sputtering; M

(Carbon cation • 6carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 6carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 6C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 6C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr166. ± 23.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 7carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 7carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 7C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 7C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr173. ± 23.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Methylidyne anion • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = Methylidyne anion

By formula: (CH- • 4294967295C) + C = CH-

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr92.19 ± 0.25kcal/molTherKasdan, Herbst, et al., 1975gas phase; B

(Carbon cation • 2carbon) + Dicarbon = (Carbon cation • Dicarbon • 2carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 2C) + C2 = (C+ • C2 • 2C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr178.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 2carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 2carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 2C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 2C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr127.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 3carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 3carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 3C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 3C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr120.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 4carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 4carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 4C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 4C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr120.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(Carbon cation • 5carbon) + Tricarbon = (Carbon cation • Tricarbon • 5carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 5C) + C3 = (C+ • C3 • 5C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr122.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

(CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8 • 4294967295carbon) + carbon = CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8 • 4294967295C) + C = CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr140.2 ± 4.9kcal/molN/AKitsopoulos, Chick, et al., 1991gas phase; B

(Carbon cation • 9carbon) + carbon = (Carbon cation • 10carbon)

By formula: (C+ • 9C) + C = (C+ • 10C)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr175. ± 23.kcal/molMIKESRadi, Rincon, et al., 1989gas phase; M

Ethene, tetrafluoro- + 2Hydrogen = 2carbon + 4hydrogen fluoride

By formula: C2F4 + 2H2 = 2C + 4HF

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-147.8 ± 1.1kcal/molChydNeugebauer and Margrave, 1956gas phase; ALS

4sodium + Tetrafluoromethane = carbon + 4sodium fluoride

By formula: 4Na + CF4 = C + 4FNa

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-325.5 ± 2.2kcal/molCcbVorob'ev and Skuratov, 1960gas phase; ALS

8sodium + Perfluoropropane = 3carbon + 8sodium fluoride

By formula: 8Na + C3F8 = 3C + 8FNa

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-660.0 ± 1.7kcal/molCcbKolesov, Talakin, et al., 1967gas phase; ALS

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Takahashi and Westrum, 1970
Takahashi, Y.; Westrum, E.F., Jr., Glassy carbon. Low-temperature thermodynamic properties, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1970, 2, 847-854. [all data]

Lutcov, Volga, et al., 1970
Lutcov, A.I.; Volga, V.I.; Dymov, B.K., Thermal conductivity, electric resistivity and specific heat of dense graphites, Carbon, 1970, 8, 753-760. [all data]

Dobrosavljevic, Perovic, et al., 1987
Dobrosavljevic, A.; Perovic, N.; Maglic, K., Thermophysical properties of POCO AXM-5Q1 graphite in the 300 to 1800 K range, High Temperatures-High Pressures, 1987, 19, 303-310. [all data]

Honig and Kramer, 1969
Honig, R.E.; Kramer, D.A., Vapor pressure data for the solid and liquid elements, RCA Rev., 1969, 1969, 285. [all data]

Chang, Ryoo, et al., 1985
Chang, M.C.; Ryoo, R.; Jhon, M.S., Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Carbon, Carbon, 1985, 23, 5, 481. [all data]

Pargellis, 1990
Pargellis, A.N., Estimating Carbon Cluster Binding Energies from Measured Cn Distributions, n <= 10, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 93, 3, 2099, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.459035 . [all data]

Radi, Rincon, et al., 1989
Radi, P.P.; Rincon, M.E.; Hsu, M.T.; Brodbelt-Lustig, J.; Kemper, P.; Bowers, M.T., Structure, Reactivity and Energetics of Covalently Bound Carbon Cluster Ions, C5+ to C11+: Experiment and Theory, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 16, 6187, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100353a045 . [all data]

Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1991
Arnold, D.W.; Bradforth, S.E.; Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Neumark, D.M., Vibrationally Resolved Spectra of C2-C11 by Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 12, 8753, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461211 . [all data]

Zhao, de Beer, et al., 1996
Zhao, Y.; de Beer, E.; Xu, C.; Taylor, T.; Neumark, D.M., Spectroscopy and Electron Detachment Dynamics of C4-, C6- and C8-, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 105, 12, 4905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.472341 . [all data]

Kolesov, Zenkov, et al., 1963
Kolesov, V.P.; Zenkov, I.D.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of chlorotrifluoroethylene, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1963, 37, 115-116. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Arnold, Zhao, et al., 1992
Arnold, C.C.; Zhao, Y.X.; Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Neumark, D.M., Study of C6(-) and C6 with Threshold Photodetachment Spectroscopy and Autodetachment Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 9, 6121, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463722 . [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1968
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Enthalpy of formation of some specimens of amorphous carbon, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1968, 42, 1218-1220. [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1964
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of perfluorocyclobutane, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1964, 38, 930-931. [all data]

Kasdan, Herbst, et al., 1975
Kasdan, A.; Herbst, E.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectrometry of CH2-, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 31, 78. [all data]

Kitsopoulos, Chick, et al., 1991
Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Chick, C.J.; Zhao, Y.; Neumark, D.M., Threshold Photodetachment Spectroscopy of C-5(-), J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 7, 5479, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461664 . [all data]

Neugebauer and Margrave, 1956
Neugebauer, C.A.; Margrave, J.L., The heats of formation of tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethylene, J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, 1318-1321. [all data]

Vorob'ev and Skuratov, 1960
Vorob'ev, A.F.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpies of formation of CF4, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1960, 5, 1398-1401. [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1967
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of perfluoropropane and enthalpies of formation of normal perfluoroalkanes, Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim., 1967, 22, 38-42. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, References