Formic acid
- Formula: CH2O2
- Molecular weight: 46.0254
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 64-18-6
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Methanoic acid; Aminic acid; Bilorin; Collo-Bueglatt; Collo-Didax; Formisoton; Formylic acid; Hydrogen carboxylic acid; Myrmicyl; HCOOH; Acide formique; Acido formico; Ameisensaeure; Kwas metaniowy; Kyselina mravenci; Mierenzuur; Rcra waste number U123; UN 1779; Formira; Add-F; Amasil
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Condensed phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°liquid | -425.09 | kJ/mol | Cm | Guthrie, 1974 | Heat of hydrolysis; ALS |
ΔfH°liquid | -425.5 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Lebedeva, 1964 | ALS |
ΔfH°liquid | -424.8 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Sinke, 1959 | ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°liquid | -253.8 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Lebedeva, 1964 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = -425.51 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
ΔcH°liquid | -254.6 ± 0.3 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Sinke, 1959 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = -424.72 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°liquid | 131.84 | J/mol*K | N/A | Stout and Fisher, 1941 | Includes 2.89 J/mol*K for zero-point entropy.; DH |
S°liquid | 128.4 | J/mol*K | N/A | Parks, Kelley, et al., 1929 | Extrapolation below 90 K, 29.7 J/mol*K. Revision of previous data.; DH |
S°liquid | 143.1 | J/mol*K | N/A | Gibson, Latimer, et al., 1920 | Used Berthelot's value, 10125 J/mol for H fusion. Extrapolation below 70 K, no details.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
99.04 | 298.15 | Stout and Fisher, 1941 | T = 15 to 300 K.; DH |
98.10 | 298.15 | Glagoleva and Chervov, 1936 | Temperature range: 298.15, 333.15, 353.15 K.; DH |
100.0 | 290. | Radulescu and Jula, 1934 | DH |
98.3 | 291.5 | Gibson, Latimer, et al., 1920 | T = 71 to 292 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH |
95.4 | 298. | von Reis, 1881 | T = 291 to 385 K.; DH |
Phase change data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 373.9 ± 0.5 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 25 out of 30 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 281.5 ± 0.6 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 9 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ttriple | 281.45 | K | N/A | Wilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.1 K; TRC |
Ttriple | 281.40 | K | N/A | Stout and Fisher, 1941, 2 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.06 K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ptriple | 0.0236 | bar | N/A | Taylor and Bruton, 1952 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.000067 bar; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tc | 577. | K | N/A | Anselme and Teja, 1990 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 30. K; Tc > 577 K, which was observed with decomposition; TRC |
Tc | 588. | K | N/A | Ambrose and Ghiassee, 1987 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 10. K; TRC |
Tc | 580. | K | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 46.3 | kJ/mol | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
ΔvapH° | 36.0 | kJ/mol | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 283. to 384. K.; AC |
ΔvapH° | 46.3 ± 0.5 | kJ/mol | C | Konicek and Wadso, 1970 | ALS |
ΔvapH° | 46.3 ± 0.5 | kJ/mol | C | Konicek, Wadsö, et al., 1970 | AC |
ΔvapH° | 19.9 | kJ/mol | N/A | Stout and Fisher, 1941, 3 | AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
22.69 | 373.8 | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
35.2 | 315. | EB | Ambrose and Ghiassee, 1987, 2 | Based on data from 300. to 392. K.; AC |
35.2 | 325. | N/A | Dreisbach and Shrader, 1949 | Based on data from 310. to 374. K. See also Dreisbach and Martin, 1949.; AC |
29.6 | 303. | N/A | Campbell and Campbell, 1934 | AC |
20.3 | 315. | N/A | Coolidge, 1930 | Based on data from 273. to 373. K.; AC |
20.9 | 338. | N/A | Coolidge, 1930 | Based on data from 273. to 373. K.; AC |
20.4 | 315. | C | Coolidge, 1930 | AC |
21.1 | 338. | C | Coolidge, 1930 | AC |
36.8 | 288. | N/A | Kahlbaum, 1894 | Based on data from 273. to 307. K.; AC |
47.7 | 374. | N/A | Kahlbaum, 1883 | Based on data from 295. to 374. K.; AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH = A exp(-αTr)
(1 − Tr)β
ΔvapH =
Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure)
(kJ/mol)
Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)
View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.
Temperature (K) | 298. to 374. |
---|---|
A (kJ/mol) | 23.8 |
α | 2.1043 |
β | -1.2652 |
Tc (K) | 580. |
Reference | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)
View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.
Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
273.7 to 307.4 | 2.00121 | 515. | -139.408 | Kahlbaum, 1894, 2 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Enthalpy of sublimation
ΔsubH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
60.5 | 275. | N/A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 268. to 281. K.; AC |
62. ± 1. | 213. | TE,ME | Calis-Van Ginkel, Calis, et al., 1978 | Based on data from 203. to 218. K.; AC |
60.1 | 264. | A | Stull, 1947 | Based on data from 253. to 275. K.; AC |
60.7 | 266. | N/A | Coolidge, 1930 | Based on data from 265. to 268. K. See also Jones, 1960.; AC |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
12.678 | 281.40 | Stout and Fisher, 1941 | DH |
Entropy of fusion
ΔfusS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
45.05 | 281.40 | Stout and Fisher, 1941 | DH |
References
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Guthrie, 1974
Guthrie, J.P.,
Hydration of carboxamides. Evaluation of the free energy change for addition of water to acetamide and formamide derivatives,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1974, 96, 3608-3615. [all data]
Lebedeva, 1964
Lebedeva, N.D.,
Heats of combustion of monocarboxylic acids,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1964, 38, 1435-1437. [all data]
Sinke, 1959
Sinke, G.C.,
The heat of formation of formic acid,
J. Phys. Chem., 1959, 63, 2063. [all data]
Stout and Fisher, 1941
Stout, J.W.; Fisher, L.H.,
The entropy of formic acid. The heat capacity from 15 to 300K. Heats of fusion and vaporization,
J. Chem. Phys., 1941, 9, 163-168. [all data]
Parks, Kelley, et al., 1929
Parks, G.S.; Kelley, K.K.; Huffman, H.M.,
Thermal data on organic compounds. V. A revision of the entropies and free energies of nineteen organic compounds,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1929, 51, 1969-1973. [all data]
Gibson, Latimer, et al., 1920
Gibson, G.E.; Latimer, W.M.; Parks, G.S.,
Entropy changes at low temperatures. I. Formic acid and urea. A test of the third law of thermodynamics,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1920, 42, 1533-1542. [all data]
Glagoleva and Chervov, 1936
Glagoleva, A.A.; Chervov, S.I.,
Investigation of the heat capacity of formic acid and its aqueous solutions,
Zhur. Obshch. Khim., 1936, 6, 685-690. [all data]
Radulescu and Jula, 1934
Radulescu, D.; Jula, O.,
Beiträge zur Bestimmung der Abstufung der Polarität des Aminstickstoffes in den organischen Verbindungen,
Z. Phys. Chem., 1934, B26, 390-393. [all data]
von Reis, 1881
von Reis, M.A.,
Die specifische Wärme flüssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht,
Ann. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [all data]
Wilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985
Wilhoit, R.C.; Chao, J.; Hall, K.R.,
Thermodynamic Properties of Key Organic Compounds in the Carbon Range C1 to C4. Part 1. Properties of Condensed Phases,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14, 1. [all data]
Stout and Fisher, 1941, 2
Stout, J.W.; Fisher, L.H.,
The entropy of formic acid. The heat capacity from 15 to 300 K. Heats of fusion and vaporization,
J. Chem. Phys., 1941, 9, 163-8. [all data]
Taylor and Bruton, 1952
Taylor, M.D.; Bruton, J.,
The vapour phase dissociation of some carboxylic acids. II. Formic and propionic acids.,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4151. [all data]
Anselme and Teja, 1990
Anselme, M.J.; Teja, A.S.,
The critical properties of rapidly reacting substances,
AIChE Symp. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 128-32. [all data]
Ambrose and Ghiassee, 1987
Ambrose, D.; Ghiassee, N.B.,
Vapor Pressures and Critical Temperatures and Critical Pressures of Some Alkanoic Acids: C1 to C10,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1987, 19, 505. [all data]
Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V.,
Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]
Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2
. [all data]
Konicek and Wadso, 1970
Konicek, J.; Wadso, I.,
Enthalpies of vaporization of organic compounds. VII. Some carboxylic acids,
Acta Chem. Scand., 1970, 24, 2612-26. [all data]
Konicek, Wadsö, et al., 1970
Konicek, Jiri; Wadsö, Ingemar; Munch-Petersen, J.; Ohlson, Ragnar; Shimizu, Akira,
Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds. VII. Some Carboxylic Acids.,
Acta Chem. Scand., 1970, 24, 2612-2616, https://doi.org/10.3891/acta.chem.scand.24-2612
. [all data]
Stout and Fisher, 1941, 3
Stout, J.W.; Fisher, Leon H.,
The Entropy of Formic Acid. The Heat Capacity from 15 to 300°K. Heats of Fusion and Vaporization,
J. Chem. Phys., 1941, 9, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750869
. [all data]
Ambrose and Ghiassee, 1987, 2
Ambrose, D.; Ghiassee, N.B.,
Vapour pressures and critical temperatures and critical pressures of some alkanoic acids: C1 to C10,
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1987, 19, 5, 505-519, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(87)90147-9
. [all data]
Dreisbach and Shrader, 1949
Dreisbach, R.R.; Shrader, S.A.,
Vapor Pressure--Temperature Data on Some Organic Compounds,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1949, 41, 12, 2879-2880, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50480a054
. [all data]
Dreisbach and Martin, 1949
Dreisbach, R.R.; Martin, R.A.,
Physical Data on Some Organic Compounds,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1949, 41, 12, 2875-2878, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50480a053
. [all data]
Campbell and Campbell, 1934
Campbell, Alan Newton; Campbell, Alexandra Jean Robson,
The thermodynamics of binary liquid mixtures : formic acid and water,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1934, 30, 1109, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9343001109
. [all data]
Coolidge, 1930
Coolidge, Albert Sprague,
THE VAPOR PRESSURE AND HEATS OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION OF FORMIC ACID,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1930, 52, 5, 1874-1887, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01368a018
. [all data]
Kahlbaum, 1894
Kahlbaum, G.W.A.,
Z. Phys. Chem., Stoechiom. Verwandtschaftsl., 1894, 13, 14. [all data]
Kahlbaum, 1883
Kahlbaum, Georg W.A.,
Ueber die Abhängigkeit der Siedetemperatur vom Luftdruck,
Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges., 1883, 16, 2, 2476-2484, https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188301602178
. [all data]
Kahlbaum, 1894, 2
Kahlbaum, G.W.A.,
Studien uber Dampfspannkraftsmessungen,
Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig), 1894, 13, 14-55. [all data]
Calis-Van Ginkel, Calis, et al., 1978
Calis-Van Ginkel, C.H.D.; Calis, G.H.M.; Timmermans, C.W.M.; de Kruif, C.G.; Oonk, H.A.J.,
Enthalpies of sublimation and dimerization in the vapour phase of formic, acetic, propanoic, and butanoic acids,
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1978, 10, 11, 1083-1088, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(78)90082-4
. [all data]
Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R.,
Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022
. [all data]
Jones, 1960
Jones, A.H.,
Sublimation Pressure Data for Organic Compounds.,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1960, 5, 2, 196-200, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60006a019
. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid Ptriple Triple point pressure S°liquid Entropy of liquid at standard conditions Tboil Boiling point Tc Critical temperature Tfus Fusion (melting) point Ttriple Triple point temperature ΔcH°liquid Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions ΔfH°liquid Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔfusS Entropy of fusion ΔsubH Enthalpy of sublimation ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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