Propane

Formula: C₃H₈
Molecular weight: 44.0956
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C3H8/c1-3-2/h3H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 74-98-6
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
Other names: n-Propane; Dimethylmethane; Freon 290; Liquefied petroleum gas; LPG; Propyl hydride; R 290; C3H8; UN 1978; A-108; Hydrocarbon propellant A-108; HC 290
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Phase change data

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Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_boil	231.1 ± 0.2	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 17 out of 21 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_fus	85.5	K	N/A	Streng, 1971	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
T_fus	85.46	K	N/A	Klipping and Schmidt, 1965	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
T_fus	83.25	K	N/A	Harteck and Edse, 1938	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
T_fus	86.05	K	N/A	Hicks-Brunn and Bruun, 1936	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.15 K; TRC
T_fus	85.35	K	N/A	Timmermans, 1921	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	85. ± 3.	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 7 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_triple	1.685×10^-9	bar	N/A	Younglove and Ely, 1987	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.×10^-12 bar; TRC
P_triple	1.6895×10^-9	bar	N/A	Goodwin and Haynes, 1982	TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	369.9 ± 0.2	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 30 out of 37 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	42.5 ± 0.1	bar	AVG	N/A	Average of 25 out of 32 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.200	l/mol	N/A	Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
V_c	0.2	l/mol	N/A	Younglove and Ely, 1987	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.001 l/mol; TRC
V_c	0.198	l/mol	N/A	Barber, Kay, et al., 1982	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.004 l/mol; TRC
V_c	0.202	l/mol	N/A	Meyer, 1941	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 l/mol; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	5.1 ± 0.4	mol/l	AVG	N/A	Average of 14 out of 15 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_vapH°	16.25	kJ/mol	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
18.774	231.04	N/A	Kemp and Egan, 1938	DH
19.04	231.1	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985
18.8	293.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 278. to 332. K.; AC
19.5	233.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 165. to 248. K.; AC
22.1	150.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 104. to 165. K.; AC
19.0	266.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 231. to 281. K.; AC
19.2	344.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 329. to 369. K.; AC
18.9	327.	N/A	Majer, Sváb, et al., 1980	Based on data from 312. to 367. K.; AC
18.77	256.	N/A	Reid, 1972	AC
20.0	216.	N/A	Reidel, 1938	Based on data from 166. to 231. K.; AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-αT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kJ/mol)
T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Temperature (K)	278. to 361.
A (kJ/mol)	27.9
α	0.0208
β	0.3766
T_c (K)	369.8
Reference	Majer and Svoboda, 1985

Entropy of vaporization

Δ_vapS (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
81.26	231.04	Kemp and Egan, 1938	DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
277.6 to 360.8	4.53678	1149.36	24.906	Helgeson and Sage, 1967	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
230.6 to 320.7	3.98292	819.296	-24.417	Rips, 1963	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
166.02 to 231.41	4.01158	834.26	-22.763	Kemp and Egan, 1938	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Δ_subH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
28.5	86.	B	Bondi, 1963	AC

Enthalpy of fusion

Δ_fusH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.51	85.5	AC	Perkins, Ochoa, et al., 2009	AC
3.52	85.5	N/A	Acree, 1991	AC

Temperature of phase transition

T_trs (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
45.5	crystaline	glass	Takeda, Oguni, et al., 1990	DH

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔH_trs (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
3.524	85.45	crystaline, I	liquid	Kemp and Egan, 1938	DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔS_trs (J/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Initial Phase	Final Phase	Reference	Comment
41.24	85.45	crystaline, I	liquid	Kemp and Egan, 1938	DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Notes

Streng, 1971
Streng, A.G., Miscibility and Compatibility of Some Liquid and Solidified Gases at Low Temperature, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 357. [all data]

Klipping and Schmidt, 1965
Klipping, G.; Schmidt, F., Temperature Measurement with the Vapor Pressure Thermometer, Kaeltetechnik, 1965, 17, 382-4. [all data]

Harteck and Edse, 1938
Harteck, P.; Edse, R., Vapor-pressure Measurement of Propane, Z. Phys. Chem., Abt. A, 1938, 182, 220. [all data]

Hicks-Brunn and Bruun, 1936
Hicks-Brunn, M.M.; Bruun, J.H., The Freezing and Boiling Point of Propane, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 810-2. [all data]

Timmermans, 1921
Timmermans, J., The Freezing Points of Organic Substances IV. New Exp. Determinations, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1921, 30, 62. [all data]

Younglove and Ely, 1987
Younglove, B.A.; Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16, 577. [all data]

Goodwin and Haynes, 1982
Goodwin, R.D.; Haynes, W.M., Thermophysical Properties of Propane from 85 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa, NBS Monogr. (U. S.) No. 170, 249 pp., 1982. [all data]

Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
Ambrose, D.; Tsonopoulos, C., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 2. Normal Alkenes, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1995, 40, 531-546. [all data]

Barber, Kay, et al., 1982
Barber, J.R.; Kay, W.B.; Teja, A.S., A study of the volumetric and phase behavior of binary systems: part I. critical properties of propane + perfluorocyclobutane mixtures., AIChE J., 1982, 28, 134-8. [all data]

Meyer, 1941
Meyer, R.E., , Ph.D. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Univ. Park, PA, 1941. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Kemp and Egan, 1938
Kemp, J.D.; Egan, C.J., Hindered rotation of the methyl groups in propane. The heat capacity, vapor pressure, heats of fusion and vaporization of propane. Entropy and density of the gas, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 1521-1525. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Majer, Sváb, et al., 1980
Majer, V.; Sváb, L.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of vaporization and cohesive energies for a group of chlorinated hydrocarbons, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980, 12, 9, 843-847, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(80)90028-2 . [all data]

Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C., Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00, AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637 . [all data]

Reidel, 1938
Reidel, L., Z. Ges. Kalte-Ind., 1938, 45, 221. [all data]

Helgeson and Sage, 1967
Helgeson, N.L.; Sage, B.H., Latent Heat of Vaporization of Propane, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1967, 12, 1, 47-49, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60032a015 . [all data]

Rips, 1963
Rips, S.M., On a Feasible Level of Filling in of Reservoires by Liquid Hydrocarbons, Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 1963, 8, 610-613. [all data]

Bondi, 1963
Bondi, A., Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027 . [all data]

Perkins, Ochoa, et al., 2009
Perkins, Richard A.; Ochoa, Jesus C. Sanchez; Magee, Joseph W., Thermodynamic Properties of Propane. II. Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume from (85 to 345) K with Pressures to 35 MPa, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2009, 54, 12, 3192-3201, https://doi.org/10.1021/je900137r . [all data]

Acree, 1991
Acree, William E., Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation, Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H . [all data]

Takeda, Oguni, et al., 1990
Takeda, K.; Oguni, M.; Suga, H., A DTA apparatus for vapour-deposited samples. Characterisation of some vapour-deposited hydrocarbons, Thermochim. Acta, 1990, 158(1), 195-203. [all data]

Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

P_c	Critical pressure
P_triple	Triple point pressure
T_boil	Boiling point
T_c	Critical temperature
T_fus	Fusion (melting) point
T_triple	Triple point temperature
T_trs	Temperature of phase transition
V_c	Critical volume
ΔH_trs	Enthalpy of phase transition
ΔS_trs	Entropy of phase transition
Δ_fusH	Enthalpy of fusion
Δ_subH	Enthalpy of sublimation
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
Δ_vapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
Δ_vapS	Entropy of vaporization
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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