Propane
- Formula: C3H8
- Molecular weight: 44.0956
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 74-98-6
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Isotopologues:
- Other names: n-Propane; Dimethylmethane; Freon 290; Liquefied petroleum gas; LPG; Propyl hydride; R 290; C3H8; UN 1978; A-108; Hydrocarbon propellant A-108; HC 290
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | -104.7 ± 0.50 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Pittam and Pilcher, 1972 | ALS |
ΔfH°gas | -103.8 ± 0.59 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | Hf derived from Heat of Hydrogenation; ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°gas | -2219.2 ± 0.46 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Pittam and Pilcher, 1972 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = -104.7 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
ΔcH°gas | -2204.0 ± 0.54 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | Hf derived from Heat of Hydrogenation; Corresponding ΔfHºgas = -119.8 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
ΔcH°gas | -2219.9 ± 0.50 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Rossini, 1934 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = -103.9 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
ΔcH°gas | -2207. | kJ/mol | Ccb | Guinchant, 1918 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = -117. kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
34.06 | 50. | Chao J., 1973 | Recommended values are in good agreement with those calculated by [ Pitzer K.S., 1944].; GT |
41.30 | 100. | ||
48.79 | 150. | ||
56.07 | 200. | ||
68.74 | 273.15 | ||
73.60 | 298.15 | ||
73.93 | 300. | ||
94.01 | 400. | ||
112.59 | 500. | ||
128.70 | 600. | ||
142.67 | 700. | ||
154.77 | 800. | ||
165.35 | 900. | ||
174.60 | 1000. | ||
182.67 | 1100. | ||
189.74 | 1200. | ||
195.85 | 1300. | ||
201.21 | 1400. | ||
205.89 | 1500. |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
48.91 | 148.2 | Ernst G., 1970 | Please also see Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940, Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940, 2, Dailey B.P., 1943.; GT |
50.38 | 157.8 | ||
58.58 | 213.1 | ||
59.29 | 219.2 | ||
65.90 | 258.0 | ||
67.74 | 272.38 | ||
72.67 ± 0.07 | 293.15 | ||
73.55 | 300.37 | ||
76.11 ± 0.08 | 313.15 | ||
80.30 ± 0.08 | 333.15 | ||
80.54 | 334.05 | ||
82.26 | 343.65 | ||
84.40 ± 0.08 | 353.15 | ||
85.19 | 360.05 | ||
87.45 | 368.55 | ||
90.46 | 387.75 | ||
104.89 | 452.55 | ||
116.69 | 521.15 | ||
121.75 | 561.95 | ||
128.66 | 603.25 | ||
140.62 | 693.15 |
Condensed phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°liquid | -119.8 ± 0.59 | kJ/mol | Ccb | Prosen and Rossini, 1945 | Hf derived from Heat of Hydrogenation; ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°liquid | 171.0 | J/mol*K | N/A | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | Debye extrapolation, 0 to 15 K.; DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
98.36 | 230. | Vas'kov, 1982 | T = 90 to 230 K. Cp given as 2.2305 J/g*K.; DH |
119.6 | 300. | Goodwin, 1978 | T = 81 to 289 K. Cp data reported for an extended data set; unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH |
98.28 | 230. | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | T = 15 to 230 K.; DH |
Phase change data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tboil | 231.1 ± 0.2 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 17 out of 21 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tfus | 85.5 | K | N/A | Streng, 1971 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC |
Tfus | 85.46 | K | N/A | Klipping and Schmidt, 1965 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC |
Tfus | 83.25 | K | N/A | Harteck and Edse, 1938 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC |
Tfus | 86.05 | K | N/A | Hicks-Brunn and Bruun, 1936 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.15 K; TRC |
Tfus | 85.35 | K | N/A | Timmermans, 1921 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ttriple | 85. ± 3. | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 7 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Ptriple | 1.685×10-9 | bar | N/A | Younglove and Ely, 1987 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.×10-12 bar; TRC |
Ptriple | 1.6895×10-9 | bar | N/A | Goodwin and Haynes, 1982 | TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Tc | 369.9 ± 0.2 | K | AVG | N/A | Average of 30 out of 37 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Pc | 42.5 ± 0.1 | bar | AVG | N/A | Average of 25 out of 32 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
Vc | 0.200 | l/mol | N/A | Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995 | |
Vc | 0.2 | l/mol | N/A | Younglove and Ely, 1987 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.001 l/mol; TRC |
Vc | 0.198 | l/mol | N/A | Barber, Kay, et al., 1982 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.004 l/mol; TRC |
Vc | 0.202 | l/mol | N/A | Meyer, 1941 | Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 l/mol; TRC |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ρc | 5.1 ± 0.4 | mol/l | AVG | N/A | Average of 14 out of 15 values; Individual data points |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔvapH° | 16.25 | kJ/mol | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.774 | 231.04 | N/A | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | DH |
19.04 | 231.1 | N/A | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 | |
18.8 | 293. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 278. to 332. K.; AC |
19.5 | 233. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 165. to 248. K.; AC |
22.1 | 150. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 104. to 165. K.; AC |
19.0 | 266. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 231. to 281. K.; AC |
19.2 | 344. | A | Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 | Based on data from 329. to 369. K.; AC |
18.9 | 327. | N/A | Majer, Sváb, et al., 1980 | Based on data from 312. to 367. K.; AC |
18.77 | 256. | N/A | Reid, 1972 | AC |
20.0 | 216. | N/A | Reidel, 1938 | Based on data from 166. to 231. K.; AC |
Enthalpy of vaporization
ΔvapH = A exp(-αTr)
(1 − Tr)β
ΔvapH =
Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure)
(kJ/mol)
Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)
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Temperature (K) | 278. to 361. |
---|---|
A (kJ/mol) | 27.9 |
α | 0.0208 |
β | 0.3766 |
Tc (K) | 369.8 |
Reference | Majer and Svoboda, 1985 |
Entropy of vaporization
ΔvapS (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
81.26 | 231.04 | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | DH |
Antoine Equation Parameters
log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (bar)
T = temperature (K)
View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.
Temperature (K) | A | B | C | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
277.6 to 360.8 | 4.53678 | 1149.36 | 24.906 | Helgeson and Sage, 1967 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
230.6 to 320.7 | 3.98292 | 819.296 | -24.417 | Rips, 1963 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
166.02 to 231.41 | 4.01158 | 834.26 | -22.763 | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. |
Enthalpy of sublimation
ΔsubH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
28.5 | 86. | B | Bondi, 1963 | AC |
Enthalpy of fusion
ΔfusH (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.51 | 85.5 | AC | Perkins, Ochoa, et al., 2009 | AC |
3.52 | 85.5 | N/A | Acree, 1991 | AC |
Temperature of phase transition
Ttrs (K) | Initial Phase | Final Phase | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
45.5 | crystaline | glass | Takeda, Oguni, et al., 1990 | DH |
Enthalpy of phase transition
ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) | Temperature (K) | Initial Phase | Final Phase | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.524 | 85.45 | crystaline, I | liquid | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | DH |
Entropy of phase transition
ΔStrs (J/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Initial Phase | Final Phase | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
41.24 | 85.45 | crystaline, I | liquid | Kemp and Egan, 1938 | DH |
Henry's Law data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Rolf Sander
Henry's Law constant (water solution)
kH(T) = k°H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)
k°H (mol/(kg*bar)) | d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.0015 | 2700. | L | N/A | |
0.0014 | Q | N/A | missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species. | |
0.0014 | L | N/A | ||
0.0015 | 2700. | L | N/A | |
0.0014 | V | N/A |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Pittam and Pilcher, 1972
Pittam, D.A.; Pilcher, G.,
Measurements of heats of combustion by flame calorimetry. Part 8.-Methane, ethane, propane, n-butane and 2-methylpropane,
J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 1972, 68, 2224-2229. [all data]
Prosen and Rossini, 1945
Prosen, E.J.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heats of combustion and formation of the paraffin hydrocarbons at 25° C,
J. Res. NBS, 1945, 263-267. [all data]
Rossini, 1934
Rossini, F.D.,
Calorimetric determination of the heats of combustion of ethane, propane, normal butane, and normal pentane,
J. Res. NBS, 1934, 12, 735-750. [all data]
Guinchant, 1918
Guinchant, M.J.,
Etude sur la fonction acide dans les derives metheniques et methiniques,
Ann. Chem., 1918, 10, 30-84. [all data]
Chao J., 1973
Chao J.,
Ideal gas thermodynamic properties of ethane and propane,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1973, 2, 427-438. [all data]
Pitzer K.S., 1944
Pitzer K.S.,
Thermodynamics of gaseous paraffins. Specific heat and related properties,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1944, 36, 829-831. [all data]
Ernst G., 1970
Ernst G.,
Ideal and real gas state heat capacities Cp of C3H8, i-C4H10, C2F5Cl, CH2ClCF3, CF2ClCFCl2, and CHF2Cl,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1970, 2, 787-791. [all data]
Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940
Kistiakowsky G.B.,
The low temperature gaseous heat capacities of certain C3 hydrocarbons,
J. Chem. Phys., 1940, 8, 970-977. [all data]
Kistiakowsky G.B., 1940, 2
Kistiakowsky G.B.,
Gaseous heat capacities. II,
J. Chem. Phys., 1940, 8, 610-618. [all data]
Dailey B.P., 1943
Dailey B.P.,
The heat capacities at higher temperatures of ethane and propane,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 42-44. [all data]
Kemp and Egan, 1938
Kemp, J.D.; Egan, C.J.,
Hindered rotation of the methyl groups in propane. The heat capacity, vapor pressure, heats of fusion and vaporization of propane. Entropy and density of the gas,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 1521-1525. [all data]
Vas'kov, 1982
Vas'kov, E.T.,
Heat capacity of propane,
Deposited Doc., 1982, VINITI 1728-82, 1-15. [all data]
Goodwin, 1978
Goodwin, R.D.,
Specific heats of saturated and compressed liquid propane,
J. Res., 1978, NBS 83, 449-458. [all data]
Streng, 1971
Streng, A.G.,
Miscibility and Compatibility of Some Liquid and Solidified Gases at Low Temperature,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1971, 16, 357. [all data]
Klipping and Schmidt, 1965
Klipping, G.; Schmidt, F.,
Temperature Measurement with the Vapor Pressure Thermometer,
Kaeltetechnik, 1965, 17, 382-4. [all data]
Harteck and Edse, 1938
Harteck, P.; Edse, R.,
Vapor-pressure Measurement of Propane,
Z. Phys. Chem., Abt. A, 1938, 182, 220. [all data]
Hicks-Brunn and Bruun, 1936
Hicks-Brunn, M.M.; Bruun, J.H.,
The Freezing and Boiling Point of Propane,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 810-2. [all data]
Timmermans, 1921
Timmermans, J.,
The Freezing Points of Organic Substances IV. New Exp. Determinations,
Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1921, 30, 62. [all data]
Younglove and Ely, 1987
Younglove, B.A.; Ely, J.F.,
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16, 577. [all data]
Goodwin and Haynes, 1982
Goodwin, R.D.; Haynes, W.M.,
Thermophysical Properties of Propane from 85 to 700 K at Pressures to 70 MPa, NBS Monogr. (U. S.) No. 170, 249 pp., 1982. [all data]
Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, 1995
Ambrose, D.; Tsonopoulos, C.,
Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 2. Normal Alkenes,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1995, 40, 531-546. [all data]
Barber, Kay, et al., 1982
Barber, J.R.; Kay, W.B.; Teja, A.S.,
A study of the volumetric and phase behavior of binary systems: part I. critical properties of propane + perfluorocyclobutane mixtures.,
AIChE J., 1982, 28, 134-8. [all data]
Meyer, 1941
Meyer, R.E.,
, Ph.D. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Univ. Park, PA, 1941. [all data]
Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V.,
Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]
Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw,
Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2
. [all data]
Majer, Sváb, et al., 1980
Majer, V.; Sváb, L.; Svoboda, V.,
Enthalpies of vaporization and cohesive energies for a group of chlorinated hydrocarbons,
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980, 12, 9, 843-847, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(80)90028-2
. [all data]
Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C.,
Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00,
AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637
. [all data]
Reidel, 1938
Reidel, L.,
Z. Ges. Kalte-Ind., 1938, 45, 221. [all data]
Helgeson and Sage, 1967
Helgeson, N.L.; Sage, B.H.,
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Propane,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1967, 12, 1, 47-49, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60032a015
. [all data]
Rips, 1963
Rips, S.M.,
On a Feasible Level of Filling in of Reservoires by Liquid Hydrocarbons,
Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 1963, 8, 610-613. [all data]
Bondi, 1963
Bondi, A.,
Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments.,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027
. [all data]
Perkins, Ochoa, et al., 2009
Perkins, Richard A.; Ochoa, Jesus C. Sanchez; Magee, Joseph W.,
Thermodynamic Properties of Propane. II. Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume from (85 to 345) K with Pressures to 35 MPa,
J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2009, 54, 12, 3192-3201, https://doi.org/10.1021/je900137r
. [all data]
Acree, 1991
Acree, William E.,
Thermodynamic properties of organic compounds: enthalpy of fusion and melting point temperature compilation,
Thermochimica Acta, 1991, 189, 1, 37-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(91)87098-H
. [all data]
Takeda, Oguni, et al., 1990
Takeda, K.; Oguni, M.; Suga, H.,
A DTA apparatus for vapour-deposited samples. Characterisation of some vapour-deposited hydrocarbons,
Thermochim. Acta, 1990, 158(1), 195-203. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Henry's Law data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid Pc Critical pressure Ptriple Triple point pressure S°liquid Entropy of liquid at standard conditions Tboil Boiling point Tc Critical temperature Tfus Fusion (melting) point Ttriple Triple point temperature Ttrs Temperature of phase transition Vc Critical volume d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant k°H Henry's Law constant at 298.15K ΔHtrs Enthalpy of phase transition ΔStrs Entropy of phase transition ΔcH°gas Enthalpy of combustion of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°liquid Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions ΔfusH Enthalpy of fusion ΔsubH Enthalpy of sublimation ΔvapH Enthalpy of vaporization ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions ΔvapS Entropy of vaporization ρc Critical density - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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