Phenol

• Formula: C₆H₆O
• Molecular weight: 94.1112
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7H Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 108-95-2
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Phenol-d6-
• Other names: Carbolic acid; Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment; Benzenol; Hydroxybenzene; Izal; Monohydroxybenzene; Monophenol; Oxybenzene; Phenic acid; Phenyl alcohol; Phenyl hydrate; Phenyl hydroxide; Phenylic acid; Phenylic alcohol; PhOH; Benzene, hydroxy-; Acide carbolique; Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment; Fenol; Fenolo; NCI-C50124; Paoscle; Phenole; Carbolsaure; NA 2821; Phenol alcohol; Phenol, molten; Rcra waste number U188; UN 1671; UN 2312; UN 2821; Phenic alcohol; NSC 36808; Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel (Salt/Mix); Campho-Phenique Gel (Salt/Mix); Campho-Phenique Liquid (Salt/Mix)
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Phase change data
  • Gas Chromatography
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
• Options:
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Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

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Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis

Enthalpy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Andon, Counsell, et al., 1963
Andon, R.J.L.; Counsell, J.F.; Herington, E.F.G.; Martin, J.F., Thermodyn. prop. of organic oxygen compds., part 7- calorimetric study of phenol from 12 to330o K, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, 830. [all data]

Delaunois, 1968
Delaunois, C., Effect of the Filling Rate of a Reactor on the Vapor Tension and the Temperature at the Beginning of Cracking of Phenols at High Pressures, Ann. Mines Belg., 1968, No. 1, 9-16. [all data]

Ambrose, 1963
Ambrose, D., Critical Temperatures of Some Phenols and Other Organic Compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, 1988. [all data]

Radice, 1899
Radice, G., , Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Geneve, 1899. [all data]

Herz and Neukirch, 1923
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Chickos, Hosseini, et al., 1995
Chickos, James S.; Hosseini, Sarah; Hesse, Donald G., Determination of vaporization enthalpies of simple organic molecules by correlations of changes in gas chromatographic net retention times, Thermochimica Acta, 1995, 249, 41-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90670-3 . [all data]

Parsons, Rochester, et al., 1971
Parsons, G.H.; Rochester, C.H.; Wood, C.E.C., Effect of 4-substitution on the thermodynamics of hydration of phenol and the phenoxide anion, J. Chem. Soc., B:, 1971, 533, https://doi.org/10.1039/j29710000533 . [all data]

Cox, 1961
Cox, J.D., The heats of combustion of phenol and the three cresols, Pure Appl. Chem., 1961, 2, 125-128. [all data]

Andon, Biddiscombe, et al., 1960
Andon, R.J.L.; Biddiscombe, D.P.; Cox, J.D.; Handley, R.; Harrop, D.; Herington, E.F.G.; Martin, J.F., Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. Part I. Preparation and physical properties of pure phenol, cresols, and xylenols, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 5246-5254. [all data]

Chylinski, Fras, et al., 2001
Chylinski, K.; Fras, Z.; Malanowski, S.K., Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Phenol + 2-Ethoxyethanol at 363.15 to 383.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2001, 46, 1, 29-33, https://doi.org/10.1021/je0001072 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
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Andon, Biddiscombe, et al., 1960, 2
Andon, R.J.L.; Biddiscombe, D.P.; Cox, J.D.; Handley, R.; Harrop, D.; Herington, E.F.G.; Martin, J.F., 1009. Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. Part I. Preparation and physical properties of pure phenol, cresols, and xylenols, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 5246, https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9600005246 . [all data]

Dykyj, 1972
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Dreisbach and Shrader, 1949
Dreisbach, R.R.; Shrader, S.A., Vapor Pressure--Temperature Data on Some Organic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1949, 41, 12, 2879-2880, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50480a054 . [all data]

Dreisbach and Martin, 1949
Dreisbach, R.R.; Martin, R.A., Physical Data on Some Organic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1949, 41, 12, 2875-2878, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50480a053 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Goldblum, Martin, et al., 1947
Goldblum, K.B.; Martin, R.W.; Young, R.B., Vapor Pressure Data for Phenols, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 11, 1474-1476, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50455a017 . [all data]

Chickos, 1975
Chickos, James Speros, A simple equilibrium method for determining heats of sublimation, J. Chem. Educ., 1975, 52, 2, 134-39, https://doi.org/10.1021/ed052p134 . [all data]

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Sklyarenko, Markin, et al., 1958
Sklyarenko, S.I.; Markin, B.I.; Belyaeva, L.B., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1958, 32, 1916. [all data]

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Balson, 1947
Balson, E.W., Studies in vapour pressure measurement, Part III.?An effusion manometer sensitive to 5 «65533» 10?6 millimetres of mercury: vapour pressure of D.D.T. and other slightly volatile substances, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1947, 43, 54, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9474300054 . [all data]

Jones, 1960
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Andon, Counsell, et al., 1963, 2
Andon, R.J.L.; Counsell, J.F.; Herington, E.F.G.; Martin, J.F., Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1963, 59, 830-835. [all data]

Mastrangelo, 1957
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Inozemtsev, Liakumovich, et al., 1972
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Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Eykman, 1889
Eykman, J.F., Zur kryoskopischen Molekulargewichtsbestimmung, Z. Physik. Chem., 1889, 4, 497-519. [all data]

Bret-Dibat and Lichanot, 1989
Bret-Dibat, P.; Lichanot, A., Proprietes thermodynamiques des isomeres de position de benzenes disubstitues en phase condensee, Thermochim. Acta, 1989, 147, 2, 261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)85181-0 . [all data]

Berezkin, Popova, et al., 1997
Berezkin, V.G.; Popova, T.P.; Shiryayeva, V.Ye.; Nomura, N., Gas-chromatographic separation of monoalkylphenols on polar and non-polar phases by means of capillary chromatography, Pet. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 1997, 37, 2, 161-167. [all data]

Zhang, Chen, et al., 1997
Zhang, M.; Chen, B.; Shen, S.; Chen, S., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by g.c.-FT-i.r. analysis of middle oil fractions, Fuel, 1997, 76, 5, 415-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)85518-4 . [all data]

Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996
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Hassani and Meklati, 1992
Hassani, A.; Meklati, B.Y., Gas chromatographic behaviour of monosubstituted benzenes, benzaldehydes and acetophenones on OV polymethylphenyl-silicone stationary phases, Chromatographia, 1992, 33, 5/6, 267-271, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02276193 . [all data]

Zhang, Li, et al., 1992
Zhang, M.J.; Li, S.D.; Chen, B.J., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by GC/FTIR analysis of light oil fractions, Chromatographia, 1992, 33, 3/4, 138-146, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275894 . [all data]

Evans and Haken, 1989
Evans, M.B.; Haken, J.K., Dispersion and selectivity indices in gas chromatography. IV. Chlorinated aromatic compounds, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 468, 373-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96332-5 . [all data]

Engewald, Billing, et al., 1988
Engewald, W.; Billing, U.; Topalova, I.; Petsev, N., Structure-retention correlations of alkylphenols in gas-liquid and gas-solid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 446, 71-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94419-4 . [all data]

Shakirov, Tsypysheva, et al., 1988
Shakirov, L.G.; Tsypysheva, L.G.; Suleimamova, R.A.; Naimushin, A.I.; Tsypyshev, O.Yu., Gas chromatographic determination of the products of the synthesis of chlorine-substituted salicylic acids, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1988, 43, 143-146. [all data]

Korhonen and Knuutinen, 1984
Korhonen, I.O.O.; Knuutinen, J., Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses. XXVII. Separation of chlorinated 4-hydroxybenzaldehydes on a capillary column coated with non-polar SE-30 stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1984, 292, 2, 345-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83614-1 . [all data]

Korhonen, 1984
Korhonen, I.O.O., Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses. XXXI. Retention increments of isomeric chlorophenols on low-polarity (SE-30) and polar (FFAP) capillary columns, J. Chromatogr., 1984, 315, 185-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90736-8 . [all data]

Tiess, 1984
Tiess, D., Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30, Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 1984, 33, 6-9. [all data]

Winskowski, 1983
Winskowski, J., Gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Stoffen anhand von Indexziffem und unterschiedlichen Detektoren, Chromatographia, 1983, 17, 3, 160-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02271041 . [all data]

Zygmunt, Wardencki, et al., 1983
Zygmunt, B.; Wardencki, W.; Staszewski, R., Gas chromatographic identification of thiols in the naphta cut from Libyan crude oil, J. Chromatogr., 1983, 265, 136-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96709-3 . [all data]

Vernon and Edwards, 1975
Vernon, F.; Edwards, G.T., Gas-liquid chromatography on fluorinated stationary phases. II. Fluorinated compounds containing a functional group, J. Chromatogr., 1975, 114, 1, 87-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85245-0 . [all data]

Agr, Tesaric, et al., 1973
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Mitchell and Vernon, 1972
Mitchell, P.T.; Vernon, F., Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Nitrophenols and Methyl Derivatives, J. Chromatogr., 1972, 65, 3, 487-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)84994-8 . [all data]

Tibor and Anna, 1971
Tibor, T.; Anna, B., Gázkromatográfiás retenció és a kémiai szerkezet, I., Magy. Kem. Foly., 1971, 77, 576-587. [all data]

Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968
Brown, I.; Chapman, I.L.; Nicholson, G.J., Gas chromatography of polar solutes in electron acceptor stationary phases, Aust. J. Chem., 1968, 21, 5, 1125-1141, https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9681125 . [all data]

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Reymond, D.; Mueggler-Chavan, F.; Viani, R.; Vuataz, L.; Egli, R.H., Gas chromatographic analysis of steam volatile aroma constituents: application to coffee, tea and cocoa aromas, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1966, 4, 1, 28-31, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/4.1.28 . [all data]

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Ádámová, Orinák, et al., 2005
Ádámová, M.; Orinák, A.; Halás, L., Retention indices as identification tool in pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1087, 1-2, 131-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.003 . [all data]

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Lalel, Singh, et al., 2003
Lalel, H.J.D.; Singh, Z.; Chye Tan, S., Glycosidically-bound aroma volatile compounds in the skin and pulp of 'Kensington Pride' mango fruit at different stages of maturity, Postharvest Biol. Technol., 2003, 29, 2, 205-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00250-8 . [all data]

Sun and Stremple, 2003
Sun, G.; Stremple, P., Retention index characterization of flavor, fragrance, and many other compounds on DB-1 and DB-XLB, 2003, retrieved from http://www.chem.agilent.com/cag/cabu/pdf/b-0279.pdf. [all data]

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Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Bello, A., Volatile compounds of Psidium salutare (H.B.K.) Berg. fruit, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 18, 5146-5148, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0116303 . [all data]

Kim, 2001
Kim, J.S., Einfluss der Temperatur beim Rösten von Sesam auf Aroma und antioxidative Eigenschaften des Öls, PhD Thesis, Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades, Berlin, 2001, 151. [all data]

de Lacy Costello, Evans, et al., 2001
de Lacy Costello, B.P.J.; Evans, P.; Ewen, R.J.; Gunson, H.E.; Jones, P.R.H.; Ratcliffe, N.M.; Spencer-Phillips, P.T.N., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of volatile organic compounds from potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans or Fusarium coeruleum, Plant Pathol., 2001, 50, 4, 489-496, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00594.x . [all data]

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Chevance and Farmer, 1999
Chevance, F.F.V.; Farmer, L.J., Identification of major volatile odor compounds in frankfurters, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1999, 47, 12, 5151-5160, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990515d . [all data]

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DeMilo, A.B.; Lee, C.-J.; Moreno, D.S.; Martinez, A.J., Identification of volatiles derived from Citrobacter freundii fermentation of a trypticase soy broth, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1996, 44, 2, 607-612, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950525o . [all data]

Gautzsch and Zinn, 1996
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Gerbino, T.C.; Castello, G., Prediction of programmed temperature retention indices on capillary columns of different polarities, J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 699, 1-2, 161-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00024-H . [all data]

Lee, DeMilo, et al., 1995
Lee, C.-J.; DeMilo, A.B.; Moreno, D.S.; Martinez, A.J., Analysis of the volatile components of a bacterial fermentation that is attractive to the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1995, 43, 5, 1348-1351, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00053a041 . [all data]

Ferchichi and Messadi, 1994
Ferchichi, L.; Messadi, D., Simulations de la rétention et de l'effecacité de colonne en chromatographie en phase gazeuse à température programmée: théorie et application, Analusis, 1994, 22, 392-399. [all data]

Kaiser and Siegl, 1994
Kaiser, E.W.; Siegl, W.O., High resolution gas chromatographic determination of the atmospheric reactivity of engine-out hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignited engine, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1994, 17, 4, 264-270, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170414 . [all data]

Wu, Kuo, et al., 1991
Wu, P.; Kuo, M.-C.; Hartman, T.G.; Rosen, R.T.; Ho, C.-T., Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39, 1, 170-172, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00001a033 . [all data]

Shapi and Hesso, 1990
Shapi, M.M.; Hesso, A., Thermal decomposition of polystyrene volatile compounds from large-scale pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1990, 18, 2, 143-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(90)80004-8 . [all data]

Tang, Zhang, et al., 1990
Tang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Hartman, T.G.; Rosen, R.T.; Ho, C.-T., Free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds in fresh celery (Apium graveolens L.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 10, 1937-1940, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00100a013 . [all data]

Sagrero-Nieves, de Pooter, et al., 1989
Sagrero-Nieves, L.; de Pooter, H.L.; Van Wassenhove, F.A., Major Volatile Constituents from the Fruit of Mammee Apple (Mammea americana L.), J. Food Comp. Anal., 1989, 2, 4, 382-385, https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(89)90010-0 . [all data]

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Notes

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• Symbols used in this document:
  

  Pc	Critical pressure
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔsubH	Enthalpy of sublimation
  ΔsubH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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