Furan

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-27.7kJ/molN/AZaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -55.4 kj/mol from Zaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991 and ΔvapH° value of 27.6 kj/mol from Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952.; DRB
Δfgas-34.7kJ/molCcbGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952ALS
Δfgas-29.8kJ/molN/ALandrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -57.5 kj/mol from Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 and ΔvapH° value of 27.6 kj/mol from Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952.; DRB

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
33.2650.Dorofeeva O.V., 1992p=1 bar. Selected entropies and heat capacities are in good agreement with those obtained in other statistical calculations [ Guthrie G.B., 1952, Bak B., 1955, Rico M., 1967, Soptrajanov B., 1968, Chao J., 1986, Klots T.D., 1994].; GT
33.53100.
36.39150.
43.60200.
59.43273.15
65.4 ± 1.5298.15
65.85300.
88.80400.
107.82500.
122.77600.
134.59700.
144.13800.
152.00900.
158.601000.
164.201100.
168.971200.
173.081300.
176.621400.
179.691500.

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Cp,gas (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
70.29317.25Guthrie G.B., 1952GT
80.12358.20
90.00402.20
99.58449.20
106.48487.20

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid  CcbZaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991uncertain value: -55.36 kJ/mol; ALS
Δfliquid-62.34kJ/molCcbGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952ALS
Δfliquid-57.45kJ/molCcbLandrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcliquid  CcbZaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991uncertain value: -2090.36 kJ/mol; ALS
Δcliquid-2083.5kJ/molCcbGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952Corresponding Δfliquid = -62.17 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcliquid-2088.kJ/molCcbLandrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929Corresponding Δfliquid = -57.3 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid176.65J/mol*KN/AGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
114.56298.15Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2T = 11 to 300 K.; DH

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil304.7 ± 0.6KAVGN/AAverage of 12 out of 13 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus187.44KN/AGuanquan, Ott, et al., 1986Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Tfus187.56KN/AGoates, Ott, et al., 1973Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 K; TRC
Tfus187.15KN/ABrooks and Pilcher, 1959Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1. K; TRC
Tfus187.47KN/ABoord, Greenlee, et al., 1946Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Tfus187.55KN/ADolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple187.54KN/AWilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.05 K; TRC
Ttriple187.55KN/AGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 3Crystal phase 1 phase; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc490.2KN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Tc490.2KN/ACheng, McCoubrey, et al., 1962Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; Visual (5-cm 2-mm bore tubes) in nitrate-nitrite bath, TE or TH cal. vs NPL thermometer.; TRC
Tc487.KN/AKobe, Ravicz, et al., 1956Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc53.20barN/AKobe, Ravicz, et al., 1956Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.172 bar; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Vc0.219l/molN/AKobe, Ravicz, et al., 1956Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.005 l/mol; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap27.71kJ/molN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Δvap28.2kJ/molN/AMoiseev and Antonova, 1970Based on data from 277. to 323. K.; AC
Δvap27.6kJ/molN/AGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952DRB

Reduced pressure boiling point

Tboil (K) Pressure (bar) Reference Comment
305.21.01Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990BS

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
27.1304.5N/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
27.451298.15N/AGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2P = 79.934 kPa; DH
30.2253.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 238. to 356. K.; AC
27.7304.36EGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952ALS
28.6290.N/AGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2Based on data from 275. to 334. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
27.2304.2VMathews and Fehlandt, 1931ALS

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH = A exp(-βTr) (1 − Tr)β
    ΔvapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kJ/mol)
    Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc)

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Temperature (K) A (kJ/mol) β Tc (K) Reference Comment
279. to 305.42.320.2802490.2Majer and Svoboda, 1985 

Entropy of vaporization

ΔvapS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
92.07298.15Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2P; DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
275.70 to 334.584.100031060.801-45.416Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
3.8187.6Domalski and Hearing, 1996AC

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
13.64150.0Domalski and Hearing, 1996CAL
20.29187.6

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
2.0468150.0crystaline, IIcrystaline, IGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2DH
3.8024187.55crystaline, IliquidGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔStrs (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
13.65150.0crystaline, IIcrystaline, IGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2DH
20.27187.55crystaline, IliquidGuthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C4H5O+ + Furan = (C4H5O+ • Furan)

By formula: C4H5O+ + C4H4O = (C4H5O+ • C4H4O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr42.kJ/molPHPMSHiraoka, Takimoto, et al., 1987gas phase; ΔrH<; M
Δr79.kJ/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner), Ross, et al., 1985gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, ΔrH<; M
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr130.J/mol*KN/AMeot-Ner (Mautner), Ross, et al., 1985gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, ΔrH<; M

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
28.382.PHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner), Ross, et al., 1985gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated, ΔrH<; M

C4H3O- + Hydrogen cation = Furan

By formula: C4H3O- + H+ = C4H4O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1636.2 ± 1.5kJ/molG+TSGrabowski and Owusugas phase; B
Δr1624. ± 13.kJ/molG+TSDePuy, Kass, et al., 1988gas phase; Order:H2O < furan < 2-Me-furan < MeOH. D exchange indicates anion at C-2.; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1602.1 ± 0.84kJ/molIMREGrabowski and Owusugas phase; B
Δr1590. ± 13.kJ/molIMRBDePuy, Kass, et al., 1988gas phase; Order:H2O < furan < 2-Me-furan < MeOH. D exchange indicates anion at C-2.; B

Furan + 2Hydrogen = Tetrahydrofuran

By formula: C4H4O + 2H2 = C4H8O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-151.1 ± 0.50kJ/molChydDolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938, 2gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -153.3 ± 0.50 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

C4H4O+ + Furan = (C4H4O+ • Furan)

By formula: C4H4O+ + C4H4O = (C4H4O+ • C4H4O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr72.0kJ/molPHPMSHiraoka, Takimoto, et al., 1987gas phase; M
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr99.2J/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Takimoto, et al., 1987gas phase; M

(C4H4O+ • Furan) + Furan = (C4H4O+ • 2Furan)

By formula: (C4H4O+ • C4H4O) + C4H4O = (C4H4O+ • 2C4H4O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr30.kJ/molPHPMSHiraoka, Takimoto, et al., 1987gas phase; ΔrH<; M

Sodium ion (1+) + Furan = (Sodium ion (1+) • Furan)

By formula: Na+ + C4H4O = (Na+ • C4H4O)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kJ/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
49.0298.IMREMcMahon and Ohanessian, 2000Anchor alanine=39.89; RCD

Henry's Law data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

kH(T) = H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

H (mol/(kg*bar)) d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) Method Reference Comment
0.18 QN/A missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species.

IR Spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Gas Phase Spectrum

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IR spectrum
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Notice: Except where noted, spectra from this collection were measured on dispersive instruments, often in carefully selected solvents, and hence may differ in detail from measurements on FTIR instruments or in other chemical environments. More information on the manner in which spectra in this collection were collected can be found here.

Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.

Additional Data

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Owner Copyright (C) 1987 by the Coblentz Society
Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Source reference COBLENTZ NO. 8800
Date 1964
State GAS (100 mmHg, N2 ADDED, TOTAL PRESSURE 600 mmHg)
Instrument DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING
Instrument parameters GRATING CHANGED AT 5.0, 7.5, 15.0 MICRON
Path length 5 CM
Resolution 2
Sampling procedure TRANSMISSION
Data processing DIGITIZED BY COBLENTZ SOCIETY (BATCH II) FROM HARD COPY

This IR spectrum is from the Coblentz Society's evaluated infrared reference spectra collection.


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW- 16
NIST MS number 228308

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Alexander N. Yermakov, Alexy A. Usov, Antonina A. Goncharova, Axlexander N. Leskin, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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UVVis spectrum
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Additional Data

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Source Mason, 1967
Owner INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD
Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference RAS UV No. 19848
Instrument Hilger Uvispek
Boiling point 32

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi

Symmetry:   C     Symmetry Number σ = 2


 Sym.   No   Approximate   Selected Freq.  Infrared   Raman   Comments 
 Species   type of mode   Value   Rating   Value  Phase  Value  Phase

a1 1 CH str 3154  D 3154 VS p liq.
a1 2 CH str 3140  D 3140 sh gas
a1 3 ip-Ring II 1491  C 1491 VS gas 1483 VS p liq.
a1 4 ip-Ring III 1384  C 1384 M gas 1380 S p liq.
a1 5 ip-Ring IV 1140  D 1140 sh liq. 1137 VS p liq.
a1 6 CH ip-bend 1066  C 1066 S gas 1061 M p liq.
a1 7 CH ip-bend 995  C 995 VS gas 986 M p liq.
a1 8 ip-Ring VII 871  C 871 S gas
a2 9 CH op-bend 863  C  ia OC916, ν917, ν919, ν92)
a2 10 CH op-bend 728  D  ia 728 W dp liq.
a2 11 op-Ring I 613  D  ia 613 VW dp liq.
b1 12 CH str 3161  C 3161 M gas
b1 13 CH str 3129  C 3129 M gas 3121 S dp liq.
b1 14 ip-Ring I 1556  C 1556 W gas
b1 15 CH ip-bend 1267  C 1267 VW gas 1270 VW dp liq.
b1 16 CH ip-bend 1180  C 1180 VS gas 1171 W dp liq.
b1 17 ip-Ring V 1040  D 1040 sh liq. 1034 M dp liq.
b1 18 ip-Ring VI 873  D 873 W dp liq.
b2 19 CH op-bend 838  C 838 VW gas 839 W dp liq.
b2 20 CH op-bend 745  C 745 VS gas
b2 21 op-Ring II 603  C 603 S gas 601 W dp liq.

Source: Shimanouchi, 1972

Notes

VSVery strong
SStrong
MMedium
WWeak
VWVery weak
iaInactive
shShoulder
pPolarized
dpDepolarized
OCFrequency estimated from an overtone or a combination tone indicated in the parentheses.
C3~6 cm-1 uncertainty
D6~15 cm-1 uncertainty

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Zaheeruddin and Lodhi, 1991
Zaheeruddin, M.; Lodhi, Z.H., Enthalpies of formation of some cyclic compounds, Phys. Chem. (Peshawar Pak.), 1991, 10, 111-118. [all data]

Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952
Guthrie, G.B., Jr.; Scott, D.W.; Hubbard, W.N.; Katz, C.; McCullough, J.P.; Gross, M.E.; Williamson, K.D.; Waddington, G., Thermodynamic properties of furan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4662-46. [all data]

Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929
Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R., Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. [all data]

Dorofeeva O.V., 1992
Dorofeeva O.V., Ideal gas thermodynamic properties of oxygen heterocyclic compounds. Part 1. Three-membered, four-membered and five-membered rings, Thermochim. Acta, 1992, 194, 9-46. [all data]

Guthrie G.B., 1952
Guthrie G.B., Jr., Thermodynamic properties of furan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4662-4669. [all data]

Bak B., 1955
Bak B., Infrared absorption spectra of alpha and beta monodeutero, and alpha, alpha' dideutero furan vapors. Heat capacity and entropy of furan, Acta Chem. Scand., 1955, 9, 749-762. [all data]

Rico M., 1967
Rico M., Fundamental vibrations of furan and deuterated derivatives, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 24, 133-148. [all data]

Soptrajanov B., 1968
Soptrajanov B., Thermodynamic functions of furan and deuterated furans, Croat. Chem. Acta, 1968, 40, 241-245. [all data]

Chao J., 1986
Chao J., Thermodynamic properties of key organic oxygen compounds in the carbon range C1 to C4. Part 2. Ideal gas properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1369-1436. [all data]

Klots T.D., 1994
Klots T.D., Complete vapor phase assignment for the fundamental vibrations of furan, pyrrole and thiophene, Spectrochim. Acta, 1994, A50, 765-795. [all data]

Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 2
Guthrie, G.B., Jr.; Scott, D.W.; Hubbard, W.N.; Katz, C.; McCullough, J.P.; Gross, M.E.; Williamson, K.D.; Waddington, G., Thermodynamic properties of furan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4662-4669. [all data]

Guanquan, Ott, et al., 1986
Guanquan, C.; Ott, J.B.; Goates, J.R., (Solid + liquid) Phase Equilibria and Solid-Compound Formation in Tetrachloromethane + furan, + Pyridine, and + N-methylpyrrole, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1986, 18, 603. [all data]

Goates, Ott, et al., 1973
Goates, J.R.; Ott, J.B.; Reeder, J., Solid + liquid phae equilibria and solid compound formation in hexafluorobenzene + benzene, + pyridine, + furan, and + thiophen, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1973, 5, 135. [all data]

Brooks and Pilcher, 1959
Brooks, J.H.; Pilcher, G., A Simple Melting Point Calorimeter for Moderately Precise Determination of Purity, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 1959, 1535. [all data]

Boord, Greenlee, et al., 1946
Boord, C.E.; Greenlee, K.W.; Perilstein, W.L., The Synthesis, Purification and Prop. of Hydrocarbons of Low Mol. Weight, Am. Pet. Inst. Res. Proj. 45, Eighth Annu. Rep., Ohio State Univ., June 30, 1946. [all data]

Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938
Dolliver, M.A.; Gresham, T.L.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of Organic Reactions VI. Heats of Hydrogenation of Some Oxygen- Containing Compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 440. [all data]

Wilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985
Wilhoit, R.C.; Chao, J.; Hall, K.R., Thermodynamic Properties of Key Organic Compounds in the Carbon Range C1 to C4. Part 1. Properties of Condensed Phases, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14, 1. [all data]

Guthrie, Scott, et al., 1952, 3
Guthrie, G.B.; Scott, D.W.; Hubbard, W.N.; Katz, C.; McCullough, J.P.; Gross, M.E.; Williamson, K.D.; Waddington, G., Thermodynamic properties of Furan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 4662-9. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Cheng, McCoubrey, et al., 1962
Cheng, D.C.H.; McCoubrey, J.C.; Phillips, D.G., Critical Temperatures of Some Organic Cyclic Compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962, 58, 224. [all data]

Kobe, Ravicz, et al., 1956
Kobe, K.A.; Ravicz, A.E.; Vohra, S.P., Critical Properties and Vapor Pressures of Some Ethers and Heterocyclic Compounds, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1956, 1, 50. [all data]

Moiseev and Antonova, 1970
Moiseev, V.D.; Antonova, N.D., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1970, 44, 11, 2912. [all data]

Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990
Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals, Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee WI, 1990, 1. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
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Notes

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