Benzaldehyde
- Formula: C7H6O
- Molecular weight: 106.1219
- IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H6O/c8-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-6H
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 100-52-7
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Artificial Almond Oil; Benzaldehyde FFC; Benzenecarbonal; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzoic aldehyde; Phenylmethanal; Almond artificial essential oil; Phenylmethanal benzenecarboxaldehyde; NCI-C56133; Oil of Bitter Almond; Artificial essential oil of almond; Benzene carbaldehyde; NA 1989; Artifical essential oil of almond; Artificial bitter almond oil; Benzenemethylal; Benzoyl hydride; Ethereal oil of bitter almonds; Benzylaldehyde; NSC 7917; Benzyaldehyde
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔfH°gas | -8.80 ± 0.72 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975 | ALS |
| ΔfH°gas | -7.950 | kcal/mol | Cm | Kudchadker and Kudchadker, 1975 | ALS |
| ΔfH°gas | -8.90 ± 0.22 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Lebedeva and Katin, 1972 | Reanalyzed by Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986, Original value = -8.0 ± 0.4 kcal/mol; ALS |
| ΔfH°gas | -8.9 ± 1.0 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Solly and Benson, 1971 | ALS |
| ΔfH°gas | -9.66 | kcal/mol | N/A | Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 | Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -86.2 kj/mol from Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 and ΔvapH° value of 45.9 kj/mol from Lebedeva and Katin, 1972.; DRB |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
| Cp,gas (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24.57 | 273.15 | Ambrose D., 1975 | Selected entropy values agree with the observed ones within experimental error. Entropies obtained from other statistical calculations [ Sarin V.N., 1973, Kudchadker S.A., 1975] differ substantially from experimental values.; GT |
| 26.70 | 298.15 | ||
| 26.84 | 300. | ||
| 35.01 | 400. | ||
| 41.92 | 500. | ||
| 47.47 | 600. | ||
| 51.91 | 700. | ||
| 55.50 | 800. | ||
| 58.46 | 900. | ||
| 60.95 | 1000. | ||
| 63.00 | 1100. | ||
| 64.77 | 1200. | ||
| 66.28 | 1300. | ||
| 67.57 | 1400. | ||
| 68.67 | 1500. |
Condensed phase thermochemistry data
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔfH°liquid | -20.8 ± 0.53 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975 | ALS |
| ΔfH°liquid | -19.85 ± 0.20 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Lebedeva and Katin, 1972 | ALS |
| ΔfH°liquid | -20.6 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 | ALS |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| ΔcH°liquid | -842.50 ± 0.48 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = -20.8 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
| ΔcH°liquid | -843.4 ± 0.2 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Lebedeva and Katin, 1972 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = -19.9 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
| ΔcH°liquid | -842.7 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 | Corresponding ΔfHºliquid = -20.6 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| S°liquid | 52.87 | cal/mol*K | N/A | Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975 | DH |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
| Cp,liquid (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41.11 | 298.15 | Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975 | T = 13 to 425 K.; DH |
| 40.89 | 302.4 | de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1934 | DH |
| 40.89 | 302.3 | Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934 | DH |
Reaction thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
+
= (
•
)
By formula: Br- + C7H6O = (Br- • C7H6O)
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 13.2 | kcal/mol | PHPMS | Paul and Kebarle, 1991 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
| ΔrS° | 20. | cal/mol*K | N/A | Paul and Kebarle, 1991 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
Free energy of reaction
| ΔrG° (kcal/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.7 | 423. | PHPMS | Paul and Kebarle, 1991 | gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M |
+
= (
•
)
By formula: NO- + C7H6O = (NO- • C7H6O)
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 43.7 | kcal/mol | ICR | Reents and Freiser, 1981 | gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M |
+
= 2
By formula: C7H6O + C7H6O3 = 2C7H6O2
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -75.6 ± 3.0 | kcal/mol | Cm | Briner and Chastonay, 1954 | liquid phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -75.7 ± 3.0 kcal/mol; ALS |
+
=
+
By formula: C7H6O + C8H8O = H2O + C15H12O
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -15.54 ± 0.45 | kcal/mol | Cm | Hao, Chang, et al., 1985 | liquid phase; solvent: Aqueous NaOH; ALS |
+
=
+
By formula: HI + C7H5IO = C7H6O + I2
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -3.0 ± 1.0 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Solly and Benson, 1971 | gas phase; ALS |
+
=
+
By formula: C7H6O + I2 = HI + C7H5IO
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 3.0 ± 1.0 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Solly and Benson, 1971 | gas phase; ALS |
+
=
+
By formula: C13H12N2 + H2O = C7H6O + C6H8N2
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | -14.6 | kcal/mol | Cm | Landrieu, 1905 | solid phase; ALS |
=
+
By formula: C7H8O = C7H6O + H2
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 12.89 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Cubberley and Mueller, 1946 | gas phase; ALS |
=
+
By formula: C7H6O3 = C7H6O + O2
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔrH° | 60.5 | kcal/mol | Cm | Briner and Chastonay, 1954 | solid phase; ALS |
Henry's Law data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Rolf Sander
Henry's Law constant (water solution)
kH(T) = k°H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)
| k°H (mol/(kg*bar)) | d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39. | 4800. | L | N/A | |
| 42. | 4600. | M | N/A | The data from Table 1 by missing citation was used to redo the regression analysis. The data for acetone in their Table 2 is wrong. |
| 37. | 5100. | M | N/A | missing citation list effective values that take into account hydration of the aldehydes: kH = ([RCHO] + [RCH(OH)2]) / p(RCHO) |
| 36. | X | N/A | Value given here as quoted by missing citation. | |
| 36. | V | N/A |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Ambrose, Connett, et al., 1975
Ambrose, D.; Connett, J.E.; Green, J.H.S.; Hales, J.L.; Head, A.J.; Martin, J.F.,
Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. 42. Physical and thermodynamic properties of benzaldehyde,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 1143-1157. [all data]
Kudchadker and Kudchadker, 1975
Kudchadker, S.A.; Kudchadker, A.P.,
Thermodynamic properties of oxygen compounds. III. Benzaldehyde and furfural (2-furaldehyde),
Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1975, 12, 432-437. [all data]
Lebedeva and Katin, 1972
Lebedeva, N.D.; Katin, Yu.A.,
Heats of combustion of certain monosubstituted benzenes,
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1972, 46, 1088. [all data]
Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986
Pedley, J.B.; Naylor, R.D.; Kirby, S.P.,
Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986, 1-792. [all data]
Solly and Benson, 1971
Solly, R.K.; Benson, S.W.,
Thermochemistry of the reaction of benzaldehyde with iodine. The enthalpy of formation of benzaldehyde and benzoyl iodide,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1971, 3, 203-209. [all data]
Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929
Landrieu, P.; Baylocq, F.; Johnson, J.R.,
Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique,
Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. [all data]
Ambrose D., 1975
Ambrose D.,
Thermodynamic properties of organic oxygen compounds. 42. Physical and thermodynamic properties of benzaldehyde,
J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1975, 7, 1143-1157. [all data]
Sarin V.N., 1973
Sarin V.N.,
Thermodynamic properties in the gaseous state of certain monosubstituted benzenes,
Thermochim. Acta, 1973, 6, 39-46. [all data]
Kudchadker S.A., 1975
Kudchadker S.A.,
Thermodynamic properties of oxygen compounds. III. Benzaldehyde and furfural (2-furaldehyde),
Thermochim. Acta, 1975, 12, 432-437. [all data]
de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1934
de Kolossowsky, N.; Udowenko, W.W.,
Determination des chaleurs specifiques des liquides,
Compt. rend., 1934, 198, 1394-1395. [all data]
Kolosovskii and Udovenko, 1934
Kolosovskii, N.A.; Udovenko, W.W.,
Specific heat of liquids. II.,
Zhur. Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. [all data]
Paul and Kebarle, 1991
Paul, G.J.C.; Kebarle, P.,
Stabilities of Complexes of Br- with Substituted Benzenes (SB) Based on Determinations of the Gas-Phase Equilibria Br- + SB = (BrSB)-,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 4, 1148, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00004a014
. [all data]
Reents and Freiser, 1981
Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S.,
Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]
Farid and McMahon, 1978
Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B.,
Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(78)80037-0
. [all data]
Briner and Chastonay, 1954
Briner, E.; Chastonay, P.,
Etude thermochemique de l'autoxydation de Valdehyde benzoique,
Helv. Chim. Acta, 1954, 238, 539-541. [all data]
Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G.,
Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]
Hao, Chang, et al., 1985
Hao, J.; Chang, J.; Wang, K.; Liu, Y.; Zhong, G.,
Heat of reaction of chalcone by calorimetric measurement,
Huaxue Tongbao, 1985, 15-16. [all data]
Landrieu, 1905
Landrieu, M.Ph.,
Thermochimie. - Thermochimie des hydrazones,
Compt. Rend., 1905, 141, 358-361. [all data]
Cubberley and Mueller, 1946
Cubberley, A.H.; Mueller, M.B.,
Equilibrium studies on the dehydrogenation of primary and secondary alcohols. I. 2-Butanol, 2-octanol, cyclopentanol and benzyl alcohol,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1946, 68, 1149-1151. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, References
- Symbols used in this document:
Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid S°liquid Entropy of liquid at standard conditions T Temperature d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant k°H Henry's Law constant at 298.15K ΔcH°liquid Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°liquid Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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