Benzene, nitro-

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas16.38 ± 0.16kcal/molCcbLebedeva, Katin, et al., 1971Reanalyzed by Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986, Original value = 15.72 ± 0.10 kcal/mol

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid2.98 ± 0.13kcal/molCcbLebedeva, Katin, et al., 1971Reanalyzed by Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986, Original value = 2.32 ± 0.10 kcal/mol; ALS
Δfliquid-3.9kcal/molCcbSwarts, 1914See 14SWA2; ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcliquid-738.07 ± 0.10kcal/molCcbLebedeva, Katin, et al., 1971ALS
Δcliquid-739.9kcal/molCcbGarner and Abernethy, 1921ALS
Δcliquid-734.65kcal/molCcbSwarts, 1914See 14SWA2; ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid53.61cal/mol*KN/AParks, Todd, et al., 1936Extrapolation below 90 K, 62.13 J/mol*K.; DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (cal/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
42.38303.15Reddy, 1986T = 303.15, 313.15 K.; DH
43.291298.15Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1985DH
42.1303.Pacor, 1967DH
43.07293.Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967T = 293 to 373 K.; DH
45.10335.5Lutskii and Panova, 1958T = 62 to 141°C. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum.; DH
43.009293.15Mazur, 1939T = 5 to 20°C.; DH
43.00293.Mazur, 1939, 2T = 5 to 20°C.; DH
44.620298.1Parks, Todd, et al., 1936T = 90 to 300 K.; DH
44.630298.Parks and Todd, 1934T = 273 to 299 K.; DH
42.40303.Willams and Daniels, 1924T = 303 to 358 K. Equation only.; DH
42.50298.von Reis, 1881T = 291 to 486 K.; DH

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: Tanya L. Myers, Russell G. Tonkyn, Ashley M. Oeck, Tyler O. Danby, John S. Loring, Matthew S. Taubman, Stephen W. Sharpe, Jerome C. Birnbaum, and Timothy J. Johnson

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW-5496
NIST MS number 227768

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Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.1049.4Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000He; Column length: 3.3 m
PackedOV-101100.1058.3Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
PackedOV-101110.1066.7Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
PackedOV-10180.1049.2Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
PackedOV-10190.1057.4Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
PackedOV-101120.1068.5Hassani and Meklati, 1992N2, Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 5. m
PackedC78, Branched paraffin130.1048.2Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992Chromosorb G HP; Column length: 3.3 m
PackedApolane130.1054.Dutoit, 1991Column length: 3.7 m
PackedSE-30180.1103.Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1985N2, Chromosorb A AW; Column length: 3. m
PackedSE-30180.1103.Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1984N2, Chromosorb W AW; Column length: 3. m
PackedSE-30150.1085.Tiess, 1984Ar, Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m
PackedSqualane100.1075.Evans and Newton, 1976N2, Chromosorb G; Column length: 2. m
PackedSqualane100.1075.Evans and Newton, 1976N2, Chromosorb G; Column length: 2. m
PackedSqualane100.1076.Evans and Newton, 1976N2, Chromosorb G; Column length: 2. m
PackedSE-30204.1114.Mitchell and Vernon, 1972 
PackedApiezon L100.1071.Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968N2, DCMS-treated Chromosorb W; Column length: 2.3 m
PackedApiezon L130.1088.Wehrli and Kováts, 1959Celite; Column length: 2.25 m

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-51100.00Hobbs and Conde, 199230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryDB-51100.00Hobbs and Conde, 199230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 300. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5MS1088.8Andriamaharavo, 201430. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C (1 min) => 5 C/min => 210C => 10 C/min => 280C (15 min)

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedSE-3090.1076.Zenkevich and Ivleva, 2011Nitrogen, Inerton N (80-100 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m
PackedSE-3090.1081.Zenkevich and Ivleva, 2011Nitrogen, Inerton N (80-100 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane105.1059.Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009 
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane75.1046.Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009 
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane90.1052.Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009 
CapillaryMethyl Silicone100.1056.Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007 
CapillaryMethyl Silicone120.1066.Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007 
CapillaryMethyl Silicone140.1076.Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007 
CapillaryMethyl Silicone80.1047.Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007 

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryOV-1011059.Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1989Helium, 75. C @ 0. min, 6. K/min, 220. C @ 0. min; Column length: 54. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm
CapillaryOV-1011062.Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1989Helium, 75. C @ 0. min, 6. K/min, 220. C @ 0. min; Column length: 54. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm
CapillarySE-541084.Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986He, 50. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 250. C @ 12. min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
PackedSE-301062.Zenkevich and Ivleva, 2011Nitrogen, Inerton N (80-100 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1011068.Ebrahimi and Hadjmohammadi, 2006Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone1062.Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1997Program: not specified
CapillarySPB-11046.Vezzani, Moretti, et al., 1994Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1011057.Zenkevich and Malamakhov, 1987He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.24 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-11046.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1046.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySuperox 0.6; Carbowax 20M1683.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryCarbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.1683.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5MS180.05Chen, Keeran, et al., 200230. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min; Tend: 310. C

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Lebedeva, Katin, et al., 1971
Lebedeva, N.D.; Katin, Y.A.; Akhmedova, G.Y., Standard enthalpy of formation of nitrobenzene, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1971, 45, 1192-1193. [all data]

Pedley, Naylor, et al., 1986
Pedley, J.B.; Naylor, R.D.; Kirby, S.P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1986, 1-792. [all data]

Swarts, 1914
Swarts, F., Sur la chaleur de combustion de quelques derives nitres aromatlques, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1914, 33, 281-298. [all data]

Garner and Abernethy, 1921
Garner, W.E.; Abernethy, C.L., Heats of combustion and formation of nitro-compounds. Part I. - Benzene, toluene, phenol and methylaniline series, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1921, 213-235. [all data]

Parks, Todd, et al., 1936
Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S.; Moore, W.A., Thermal data on organic compounds. XVI. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for typical benzene derivatives and heterocyclic compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 398-401. [all data]

Reddy, 1986
Reddy, K.S., Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. [all data]

Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1985
Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.; Roux, A.H.; Grolier, J.-P.E.; Wilhelm, E., Relations between structure and thermodynamic properties. Heat capacities of polar substances (nitrobenzene and benzonitrile) in alkane solutions, Calorim. Anal. Therm., 1985, 16, 153-158. [all data]

Pacor, 1967
Pacor, P., Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. [all data]

Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967
Rastorguev, Yu.L.; Ganiev, Yu.A., Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Neft Gaz. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. [all data]

Lutskii and Panova, 1958
Lutskii, A.E.; Panova, A.N., Specific heat of liquid nitrobenzene, Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 1958, 32, 2183-2185. [all data]

Mazur, 1939
Mazur, J., Über die spezifische Wärme des Nitrobenzols, Acta Phys. Pol., 1939, 7, 290-304. [all data]

Mazur, 1939, 2
Mazur, J., Über die spezifische Wärme des Äthyläthers, des Nitrobenzols und des Schwefelkohlenstoffs, Z. Physik., 1939, 113, 710-720. [all data]

Parks and Todd, 1934
Parks, G.S.; Todd, S.S., Some heat capacity data for liquid nitrobenzene, no indication of allotropy, J. Chem. Phys., 1934, 2, 440-441. [all data]

Willams and Daniels, 1924
Willams, J.W.; Daniels, F., The specific heats of certain organic liquids at elevated temperatures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. [all data]

von Reis, 1881
von Reis, M.A., Die specifische Wärme flüssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Ann. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [all data]

Dallos, Sisak, et al., 2000
Dallos, A.; Sisak, A.; Kulcsár, Z.; Kováts, E., Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography VII. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with secondary alcohol groups, J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 904, 2, 211-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00908-0 . [all data]

Righezza, Hassani, et al., 1996
Righezza, M.; Hassani, A.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chrétien, J.R., Quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) of congeneric aromatics series studied on phenyl OV phases in gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 1996, 723, 1, 77-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00816-0 . [all data]

Hassani and Meklati, 1992
Hassani, A.; Meklati, B.Y., Gas chromatographic behaviour of monosubstituted benzenes, benzaldehydes and acetophenones on OV polymethylphenyl-silicone stationary phases, Chromatographia, 1992, 33, 5/6, 267-271, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02276193 . [all data]

Reddy, Dutoit, et al., 1992
Reddy, K.S.; Dutoit, J.-Cl.; Kovats, E. sz., Pair-wise interactions by gas chromatography. I. Interaction free enthalpies of solutes with non-associated primary alcohol groups, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 609, 1-2, 229-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80167-S . [all data]

Dutoit, 1991
Dutoit, J., Gas chromatographic retention behaviour of some solutes on structurally similar polar and non-polar stationary phases, J. Chromatogr., 1991, 555, 1-2, 191-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87179-X . [all data]

Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1985
Oszczapowicz, J.; Osek, J.; Ciszkowski, K.; Krawczyk, W.; Ostrowski, M., Retention Indices of Dimethylbenzamidines and Benzylideneamines on a Non-Polar Column, J. Chromatogr., 1985, 330, 79-85, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)81964-6 . [all data]

Oszczapowicz, Osek, et al., 1984
Oszczapowicz, J.; Osek, J.; Dolecka, E., Retention indices of dimethylformamidines, dimethylacetamidines and tetramethylguanidines on a non-polar column, J. Chromatogr., 1984, 315, 95-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90727-7 . [all data]

Tiess, 1984
Tiess, D., Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30, Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 1984, 33, 6-9. [all data]

Evans and Newton, 1976
Evans, M.B.; Newton, R., Inverse gas chromatography in the study of polymer degradation. Part I. Oxidation of squalene as a model for the oxidative degradation of natural rubber, Chromatographia, 1976, 9, 11, 561-566, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275963 . [all data]

Mitchell and Vernon, 1972
Mitchell, P.T.; Vernon, F., Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Nitrophenols and Methyl Derivatives, J. Chromatogr., 1972, 65, 3, 487-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)84994-8 . [all data]

Brown, Chapman, et al., 1968
Brown, I.; Chapman, I.L.; Nicholson, G.J., Gas chromatography of polar solutes in electron acceptor stationary phases, Aust. J. Chem., 1968, 21, 5, 1125-1141, https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9681125 . [all data]

Wehrli and Kováts, 1959
Wehrli, A.; Kováts, E., Gas-chromatographische Charakterisierung ogranischer Verbindungen. Teil 3: Berechnung der Retentionsindices aliphatischer, alicyclischer und aromatischer Verbindungen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1959, 7, 7, 2709-2736, https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19590420745 . [all data]

Hobbs and Conde, 1992
Hobbs, J.R.; Conde, E.P., Gas chromatographic retention indices of explosives and nitro-compounds in Advances in Analysis and Detection of Explosives: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Analysis of Detection of Explosives, September 7-10, 1992, Jerusalem Israel, J. Yinon, ed(s)., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, 1992, 153-164. [all data]

Andriamaharavo, 2014
Andriamaharavo, N.R., Retention Data. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center., NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 2014. [all data]

Zenkevich and Ivleva, 2011
Zenkevich, I.G.; Ivleva, E.S., Gas-chromatographic retention indices in dependence on the ratio of analytes to reference compounds, Rus. J. Anal. Chem., 2011, 66, 1, 44-52, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934811010175 . [all data]

Tello, Lebron-Aguilar, et al., 2009
Tello, A.M.; Lebron-Aguilar, R.; Quintanilla-Lopez, J.E.; Santiuste, J.M., Isothermal retention indices on poly93-cyanopropylmethyl)siloxane stationary phases, J. Chromatogr. A, 2009, 1216, 10, 1630-1639, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.025 . [all data]

Lebrón-Aguilar, Quintanilla-López, et al., 2007
Lebrón-Aguilar, R.; Quintanilla-López, J.E.; Tello, A.M.; Santiuste, J.M., Isothermal retention indices on poly (3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane) stationary phases, J. Chromatogr. A, 2007, 1160, 1-2, 276-288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.025 . [all data]

Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1989
Zenkevich, I.G.; Tsibulskaya, I.A., Influence of Relative Amounts of Mixture Components on the Precision of Measurements of Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices, Zh. Anal. Khim. (Rus.), 1989, 44, 1, 90-96. [all data]

Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986
Harland, B.J.; Cumming, R.I.; Gillings, E., The Kovats indexes of some organic micropollutants on an SE54 capillary column, EUR, I Org. Micropollut. Aquat. Environ., 1986, EUR 10388, 123-127. [all data]

Ebrahimi and Hadjmohammadi, 2006
Ebrahimi, P.; Hadjmohammadi, M.R., Simultaneous modeling of the Kovats retention indices on phenyl OV stationary phases with different polarity using MLR and ANN, QSAR Comb. Sci., 2006, 25, 10, 836-845, https://doi.org/10.1002/qsar.200530145 . [all data]

Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1997
Zenkevich, I.G.; Tsibulskaya, I.A., Group identification of organic compounds by gas-chromatographic retention indices and partition coefficients in the hexane-nitromethane system, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 1997, 71, 2, 341-346. [all data]

Vezzani, Moretti, et al., 1994
Vezzani, S.; Moretti, P.; Castello, G., Fast and Accurate Method for the Automatic Prediction of Programmed-Temperature Retention Times, J. Chromatogr. A, 1994, 677, 2, 331-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80161-4 . [all data]

Zenkevich and Malamakhov, 1987
Zenkevich, I.G.; Malamakhov, A.C., Evaluation of Molecular Weights of Organic Compounds based on Retention Parameters at Chromato-Spectral Analysys. Additional Criterion of Molecular Ions' Identification, Vestn. St. Petersb. Univ. Ser. 4: Fiz. Khim, 1987, 2, 101-106. [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]

Chen, Keeran, et al., 2002
Chen, P.H.; Keeran, W.S.; Van Ausdale, W.A.; Schindler, D.R.; Roberts, D.W., Application of Lee retention indices to the confirmation of tentatively identified compounds from GC/MS analysis of environmental samples, Technical paper, Analytical Services Division, Environmental ScienceEngineering, Inc, PO Box 1703, Gainesville, FL 32602, 2002, 11. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References