Nitrogen

• Formula: N₂
• Molecular weight: 28.0134
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/N2/c1-2 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7727-37-9
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Other names: Nitrogen gas; N2; UN 1066; UN 1977; Dinitrogen; Molecular nitrogen; Diatomic nitrogen; Nitrogen-14
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• Information on this page:
  • Constants of diatomic molecules
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
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  • Phase change data
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  • Fluid Properties
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Constants of diatomic molecules

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through February, 1977

Notes

References

Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977
Lofthus, A.; Krupenie, P.H., The spectrum of molecular nitrogen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1977, 6, 113. [all data]

Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1966
Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G.; Franklin, V.B.; Naber, R.H.; Benesch, W.; Vanderslice, J.T., Summary of observed absorption lines of room-temperature molecular nitrogen between 1060 and 1520 Å, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 1966, 13, 31. [all data]

Wallace, 1962
Wallace, L., A collection of the band-head wavelengths of N₂ and N₂⁺, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 1962, 6, 445. [all data]

Pearse and Gaydon, 1963
Pearse, R.W.B.; Gaydon, A.G., The identification of molecular spectra, Third Edition, Pub. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1963, 0. [all data]

Huffman, Tanaka, et al., 1963
Huffman, R.E.; Tanaka, Y.; Larrabee, J.C., Absorption coefficients of nitrogen in the 1000-580 Å wavelength region, J. Chem. Phys., 1963, 39, 910. [all data]

Cook and Metzger, 1964
Cook, G.R.; Metzger, P.H., Photoionization and absorption cross sections of O₂ and N₂ in the 600- to 1000-A region, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 321. [all data]

Carter, 1972
Carter, V.L., High-resolution N₂ absorption study from 730 to 980 Å, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 4195. [all data]

Gilmore, 1965
Gilmore, F.R., Potential energy curves for N₂, NO, O₂ and corresponding ions, J. Quant. Spectry. Radiative Transfer, 1965, 5, 369. [all data]

Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1965
Benesch, W.; Vanderslice, J.T.; Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., Potential curves for the observed states of N₂ below 11 eV, Astrophys. J., 1965, 142, 1227. [all data]

Gartner and Thrush, 1975
Gartner, E.M.; Thrush, B.A., Infrared emission by active nitrogen. I. The kinetic behaviour of N₂(B'³Σ_u^-), Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1975, 346, 103. [all data]

Nakamura, Sasanuma, et al., 1969
Nakamura, M.; Sasanuma, M.; Sato, S.; Watanabe, M.; Yamashita, H.; Iguchi, Y.; Ejiri, A.; Nakai, S.; Yamaguchi, S.; Sagawa, T.; Nakai, Y.; Oshio, T., Absorption structure near the K edge of the nitrogen molecule, Phys. Rev., 1969, 178, 80. [all data]

Werme, Grennberg, et al., 1973
Werme, L.O.; Grennberg, B.; Nordgren, J.; Nordling, C.; Siegbahn, K., Fine structure in the x-ray emission spectrum of N₂, compared with electron spectroscopy, Nature (London), 1973, 242, 453. [all data]

Vinogradov, Shlarbaum, et al., 1974
Vinogradov, A.S.; Shlarbaum, B.; Zimkina, T.M., K-absorption spectrum of nitrogen in the N₂ molecule, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1974, 36, 383, In original 658. [all data]

Vinogradov, Zimkina, et al., 1974
Vinogradov, A.S.; Zimkina, T.M.; Akimov, V.N.; Shlarbaum, B., Structure of absorption spectra of the molecules N₂, O₂, and NF₃ near the ionization thresholds of the inner atomic shells, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser. Engl. Transl., 1974, 38, 69, In original 508. [all data]

Lee, Wong, et al., 1975
Lee, J.S.; Wong, T.C.; Bonham, R.A., Observation of a new electronic transition in N₂ at 31.4 eV by means of high energy electron impact spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 1643. [all data]

Codling, 1966
Codling, K., Structure in the photo-ionization continuum of N, near 500 k, Astrophys., 1966, J.143, 552. [all data]

Lee, Carlson, et al., 1973
Lee, L.C.; Carlson, R.W.; Judge, D.L.; Ogawa, M., The absorption cross sections of N₂, O₂, CO, NO, CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆ and C₄H₁₀ from 180 to 700 Å, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1973, 13, 1023. [all data]

Hopfield, 1930
Hopfield, J.J., New spectra in nitrogen, Phys. Rev., 1930, 36, 789-790. [all data]

Worley, 1943
Worley, R.E., Absorption spectrum of N₂ in the extreme ultraviolet, Phys. Rev., 1943, 64, 207. [all data]

Comes and Weber, 1969
Comes, F.J.; Weber, K.W., Wirkungsquerschnitte der Photoabsorption und Photoionisation des N₂-Molekuls, Z. Naturforsch. A, 1969, 24, 1941. [all data]

Cook, Ogawa, et al., 1973
Cook, G.R.; Ogawa, M.; Carlson, R.W., Photodissociation continuums of N₂ and O₂, J. Geophys. Res., 1973, 78, 1663. [all data]

Ogawa, 1964
Ogawa, M., Vibrational isotope shifts of absorption bands of N₂ in the spectral region 720-830 Å, Can. J. Phys., 1964, 42, 1087. [all data]

Carroll and Yoshino, 1967
Carroll, P.K.; Yoshino, K., New Rydberg series of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 47, 3073. [all data]

Johns and Lepard, 1975
Johns, J.W.C.; Lepard, D.W., Calculation of rotation-electronic energies and relative transition intensities in diatomic molecules, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 55, 374. [all data]

Worley and Jenkins, 1938
Worley, R.E.; Jenkins, F.A., A new Rydberg series in N₂, Phys. Rev., 1938, 54, 305. [all data]

Ogawa and Tanaka, 1962
Ogawa, M.; Tanaka, Y., Rydberg absorption series of N₂, Can. J. Phys., 1962, 40, 1593. [all data]

Yoshino, Tanaka, et al., 1975
Yoshino, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Carroll, P.K.; Mitchell, P., High resolution absorption spectrum of N₂ in the vacuum-UV region, O_3,4 ¹Π_u ← X¹Σ_g⁺ bands, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 54, 87. [all data]

Carroll and Collins, 1970
Carroll, P.K.; Collins, C.P., The high energy ¹Σ_u⁺ states of N₂, J. Phys. B:, 1970, 3, 127. [all data]

Lofthus, 1957
Lofthus, A., Emission band spectra of nitrogen. A study of some singlet systems, Can. J. Phys., 1957, 35, 216. [all data]

Carroll and Subbaram, 1975
Carroll, P.K.; Subbaram, K.V., Two new band systems in the near ultraviolet spectrum of N₂, Can. J. Phys., 1975, 53, 2198. [all data]

Gaydon, 1944
Gaydon, A.G., The band spectrum of nitrogen: new singlet systems, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1944, 182, 286. [all data]

Rajan, 1974
Rajan, K.J., The 1-0 band of the b¹Π_u - a¹Π_g transition and the 1-10 and 2-12 bands of the fifth positive system of N₂: rotational analyses, Proc. R. Ir. Acad. Sect. A:, 1974, 74, 17-23. [all data]

Herman-Montagne, 1945
Herman-Montagne, R., Contribution a l'etude du spectre de la molecule d'azote, Ann. Phys. (Paris), 1945, 20, 241. [all data]

Gaydon and Herman, 1946
Gaydon, A.G.; Herman, R., Band systems in the spectrum of nitrogen, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1946, 58, 292. [all data]

Dressler, 1969
Dressler, K., The lowest valence and Rydberg states in the dipole-allowed absorption spectrum of nitrogen. A survey of their interactions, Can. J. Phys., 1969, 47, 547. [all data]

Janin and Crozet, 1946
Janin, J.; Crozet, A., Excitation du spectre de l'azote par passage de l'effluve electrique a travers le gaz ammoniac, Compt. Rend., 1946, 223, 1114. [all data]

Janin, 1950
Janin, J., Etude de certains systemes de simplets de la molecule d'azote, J. Rech. C.N.R.S., 1950, 3, 156. [all data]

Herman, 1951
Herman, R., Nouvelle transition interdite de la molecule N₂, Compt. Rend., 1951, 233, 738. [all data]

Carroll and Sayers, 1953
Carroll, P.K.; Sayers, N.D., The band spectrum of nitrogen: new studies of the triplet systems, Proc. Phys. Soc. London Sect. A, 1953, 66, 1138. [all data]

Gaydon, 1944, 2
Gaydon, A.G., The band spectrum of N₂: weak systems in the visible region, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1944, 56, 85. [all data]

Grun, 1954
Grun, A.E., Die Gaydon-Banden des N₂, Z. Naturforsch. A, 1954, 9, 1017. [all data]

Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964
Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., The emission spectrum of molecular nitrogen in the region 900-1130 Å, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1964, 12, 231. [all data]

Carroll and Collins, 1969
Carroll, P.K.; Collins, C.P., High resolution absorption studies of the b¹Π_u ← X¹Σ_g⁺ system of nitrogen, Can. J. Phys., 1969, 47, 563. [all data]

Wilkinson and Houk, 1956
Wilkinson, P.G.; Houk, N.B., Emission spectra of nitrogen in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 24, 528. [all data]

Gero and Schmid, 1940
Gero, L.; Schmid, R., Rotationsanalyse der IV. Positiven banden des N₂-molekuls, Z. Phys., 1940, 116, 598. [all data]

Lutz, 1969
Lutz, B.L., Pressure-induced a"¹Σ_g⁺ ← X¹Σ_g⁺ absorption in the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of molecular nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 706. [all data]

Freund, 1969
Freund, R.S., Molecular-beam measurements of the emission spectrum and radiative lifetime of N₂ in the metastable E³Σ_g⁺ state, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 3734. [all data]

Coster, Brons, et al., 1933
Coster, D.; Brons, F.; van der Ziel, A., Die sogenannte zweite positive gruppe des stickstoffspektrums, Z. Phys., 1933, 84, 304. [all data]

Dieke and Heath, 1959
Dieke, G.H.; Heath, D.F., The first and second positive bands of N₂, Rpt. Johns Hopkins Spectroscopic #17, 1959, 1-195. [all data]

Tanaka, 1955
Tanaka, Y., Absorption spectrum of nitrogen in the region from 1075 to 1650 A, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1955, 45, 663. [all data]

Tanaka, Ogawa, et al., 1964
Tanaka, Y.; Ogawa, M.; Jursa, A.S., Forbidden absorption-band systems of N₂ in the vacuum-ultraviolet region, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 3690. [all data]

Carroll, Collins, et al., 1972
Carroll, P.K.; Collins, C.C.; Murnaghan, J.T., Rotational studies of the Gaydon-Herman (green) bands of N₂, J. Phys. B:, 1972, 5, 1634. [all data]

McFarlane, 1966
McFarlane, R.A., Measurements on the w¹Δ_u → a¹Π_g transition in molecular nitrogen, Phys. Rev., 1966, 146, 37. [all data]

Chutjian, Cartwright, et al., 1973
Chutjian, A.; Cartwright, D.C.; Trajmar, S., Excitation of the W³Δ_u, w¹Δ_u, B'³Σ_u^-, and a'¹Σ_u^- states of N₂ by electron impact, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1973, 30, 195. [all data]

McFarlane, 1965
McFarlane, R.A., Observation of a ¹Π-¹Σ^- transition in the N₂ molecule, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1965, 140, 1070. [all data]

McFarlane, 1966, 2
McFarlane, R.A., 4B₇-precision spectroscopy of new infrared emission systems of molecular nitrogen, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 1966, 2, 229. [all data]

Miller, 1970
Miller, R.E., High-resolution emission Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands of nitrogen, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1970, 60, 171. [all data]

Campbell and Thrush, 1969
Campbell, I.M.; Thrush, B.A., Some new vacuum ultra-violet emissions of active nitrogen, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1969, 65, 32. [all data]

Golde, 1975
Golde, M.F., Vacuum UV emission by electronically excited N₂: the collision-induced N₂(a¹Π_g, v=0) = N₂(a'¹Σ_u^-, v=0) transition, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 31, 348. [all data]

Carroll and Rubalcava, 1960
Carroll, P.K.; Rubalcava, H.E., Rotational analysis of the 5-1 band of the B'-B system of N₂, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1960, 76, 337. [all data]

Dieke and Heath, 1960
Dieke, G.H.; Heath, D.F., Structure of the infrared Y bands of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 432. [all data]

Wilkinson, 1960
Wilkinson, P.G., Forbidden band systems in nitrogen. III. The Y³Σ_u^- ← X¹Σ_g⁺ system in absorption, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 32, 1061. [all data]

Golde and Thrush, 1972
Golde, M.F.; Thrush, B.A., Vacuum ultraviolet emission by active nitrogen. IV. The kinetic behaviour of N₂(B'³Σ_u^-), Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1972, 330, 121. [all data]

Wu and Benesch, 1968
Wu, H.L.; Benesch, W., Evidence for the ³Δ_u → B³Π_g transition in N₂, Phys. Rev., 1968, 172, 31. [all data]

Saum and Benesch, 1970
Saum, K.A.; Benesch, W.M., Infrared electronic emission spectrum of nitrogen, Appl. Opt., 1970, 9, 195. [all data]

Benesch and Saum, 1971
Benesch, W.M.; Saum, K.A., The w³Δ_u state of molecular nitrogen, J. Phys. B:, 1971, 4, 732. [all data]

Covey, Saum, et al., 1973
Covey, R.; Saum, K.A.; Benesch, W., Transition probabilities for the W³Δ_u - B³Π_g system of molecular nitrogen, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1973, 63, 5, 592-596. [all data]

Wilkinson, 1962
Wilkinson, P.G., Some unsolved problems in the vacuum ultraviolet, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1962, 2, 343. [all data]

Miller, 1965
Miller, R.E., High-resolution emission Vegard-Kaplan bands of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 1695. [all data]

Miller, 1966
Miller, R.E., The absolute energy of the A³Σ_u⁺ state of nitrogen, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1966, 19, 185. [all data]

Crawford, Welsh, et al., 1949
Crawford, M.F.; Welsh, H.L.; Locke, J.L., Infra-red absorption of oxygen and nitrogen induced by intermolecular forces, Phys. Rev., 1949, 75, 1607. [all data]

Bosomworth and Gush, 1965
Bosomworth, D.R.; Gush, H.P., Collision-induced absorption of compressed gases in the far infrared, Part II, Can. J. Phys., 1965, 43, 751. [all data]

Reddy and Cho, 1965
Reddy, S.P.; Cho, C.W., Induced infrared absorption of nitrogen and nitrogen-foreign gas mixtures, Can. J. Phys., 1965, 43, 2331. [all data]

Shapiro and Gush, 1966
Shapiro, M.M.; Gush, H.P., The collision-induced fundamental and first overtone bands of oxygen and nitrogen, Can. J. Phys., 1966, 44, 949. [all data]

de Remigis, Welsh, et al., 1971
de Remigis, J.; Welsh, H.L.; Bruno, R.; Taylor, D.W., Induced fundamental infrared band of nitrogen dissolved in solid argon, Can. J. Phys., 1971, 49, 3201. [all data]

Sheng and Ewing, 1971
Sheng, D.T.; Ewing, G.E., Collision induced infrared absorption of gaseous nitrogen at low temperatures, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 5425. [all data]

Buontempo, Cunsolo, et al., 1975
Buontempo, U.; Cunsolo, S.; Jacucci, G.; Weis, J.J., The far infrared absorption spectrum of N₂ in the gas and liquid phases, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 2570. [all data]

Courtois and Jouve, 1975
Courtois, D.; Jouve, P., Electric field induced infrared spectrum of nitrogen. Vibrational polarizability matrix elements, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 55, 18. [all data]

Stoicheff, 1954
Stoicheff, B.P., High resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases. III. Raman spectrum of nitrogen, Can. J. Phys., 1954, 32, 630. [all data]

Butcher, Willetts, et al., 1971
Butcher, R.J.; Willetts, D.V.; Jones, W.J., On the use of a Fabry-Perot etalon for the determination of rotational constants of simple molecules - the pure rotational Raman spectra of oxygen and nitrogen, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1971, 324, 231. [all data]

Bendtsen, 1974
Bendtsen, J., The rotational and rotation-vibrational Raman spectra of ¹⁴N₂, ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂, J. Raman Spectrosc., 1974, 2, 133. [all data]

Watson, Lang, et al., 1973
Watson, W.S.; Lang, J.; Stewart, D.T., Photoabsorption coefficients of molecular nitrogen in the 300-700 Å region, J. Phys. B:, 1973, 6, 148. [all data]

Hicks, Comer, et al., 1973
Hicks, P.J.; Comer, J.; Read, F.H., Autoionizing transitions in N₂ and H₂ produced by electron impact, J. Phys. B:, 1973, 6, 65. [all data]

Wilden, Hicks, et al., 1976
Wilden, D.G.; Hicks, P.J.; Comer, J., Autoionization of N₂ studied using an electron time-of-flight coincidence spectrometer, J. Phys. B:, 1976, 9, 1959. [all data]

Cook and Ogawa, 1970
Cook, G.R.; Ogawa, M., Oscillator strengths of the Hopfield absorption series of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 1292. [all data]

Yoshino, Ogawa, et al., 1976
Yoshino, K.; Ogawa, M.; Tanaka, Y., Extension of Rydberg absorption series of N₂, A²Π_u ← X¹Σ_g⁺, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1976, 61, 403. [all data]

Cook and Ogawa, 1965
Cook, G.R.; Ogawa, M., Photo-ionization of N₂ in the 734-805 Å region, Can. J. Phys., 1965, 43, 256. [all data]

Carter and Berkowitz, 1973
Carter, V.L.; Berkowitz, J., Photoionization yields in N₂ in the band series from 734 to 796 Å, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 4573. [all data]

Cook and McNeal, 1972
Cook, G.R.; McNeal, R.J., Photoionization of vibrationally excited nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 1388. [all data]

Carroll and Yoshino, 1972
Carroll, P.K.; Yoshino, K., The c_n ¹Π_u and c'_n ¹Σ_u⁺ Rydberg states of N₂: high resolution studies, J. Phys. B:, 1972, 5, 1614. [all data]

Leoni and Dressler, 1972
Leoni, M.; Dressler, K., Deperturbation of the Worley-Jenkins Rydberg series of N₂, Helv. Phys. Acta, 1972, 45, 959. [all data]

Leoni, 1972
Leoni, Dissertation, ETH Zurich, 1972, 1. [all data]

Ledbetter, 1972
Ledbetter, J.W., Jr., New Rydberg bands in the visible region and identification of the lowest ¹Σ_g⁺ Rydberg state of the N₂ molecule, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1972, 42, 100. [all data]

Mulliken, 1976
Mulliken, R.S., Predissociation and Λ-doubling in the even-parity Rydberg states of the nitrogen molecule, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1976, 61, 92. [all data]

Lofthus, 1960
Lofthus, A., A new predissociation in nitrogen, Nature (London), 1960, 186, 302. [all data]

Veseth, 1973
Veseth, L., On the calculation of molecular parameters for triplet states in diatomic molecules. The G³Δ_g and H³Φ_u states of N₂, Mol. Phys., 1973, 26, 101. [all data]

Mohamed and Khanna, 1974
Mohamed, K.A.; Khanna, B.N., Franck-Condon factors & r-centroids for the H³φ_u-G³Δ_g (Gaydon-Herman) green band system of N₂, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 1974, 12, 77-78. [all data]

Lefebvre-Brion, 1969
Lefebvre-Brion, H., Theoretical study of homogeneous perturbations. II. Least-squares fitting method to obtain "deperturbed" crossing Morse curves. Application to the perturbed 1Σ_u⁺ states of N₂, Can. J. Phys., 1969, 47, 541. [all data]

Hesser and Dressler, 1966
Hesser, J.E.; Dressler, K., Radiative lifetimes of ultraviolet molecular transitions, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 3149. [all data]

Hesser, 1968
Hesser, J.E., Absolute Transition Probabilities in Ultraviolet Molecular Spectra, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 6, 2518, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1669477 . [all data]

Lawrence, Mickey, et al., 1968
Lawrence, G.M.; Mickey, D.L.; Dressler, K., Absolute oscillator strengths of the strongest bands within the dipole-allowed absorption spectrum of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 1989. [all data]

Geiger and Schroder, 1969
Geiger, J.; Schroder, B., Intensity perturbations due to configuration interaction observed in the electron energy-loss spectrum of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 7. [all data]

Tilford and Wilkinson, 1964, 2
Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., An inverse predissociation in molecular nitrogen, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1964, 12, 347. [all data]

Tanaka and Nakamura, 1967
Tanaka, Y.; Nakamura, M., Selective enhancement of the b'¹Σ_u⁺ → X¹Σ_g⁺ and g¹Σ_u⁺ → X¹Σ_g⁺ band systems of N₂ in the vacuum ultraviolet region, Sci. Light (Tokyo), 1967, 16, 73. [all data]

Kurzweg, Egbert, et al., 1973
Kurzweg, L.; Egbert, G.T.; Burns, D.J., Lifetime of the D³Σ_u⁺ state of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 2641. [all data]

Hebert and Nicholls, 1969
Hebert, G.R.; Nicholls, R.W., Franck-Condon factors for the v'=0 progression of the N₂ fourth positive band system, J. Phys. B:, 1969, 2, 626. [all data]

Meyer, Skerbele, et al., 1965
Meyer, V.D.; Skerbele, A.; Lassettre, E.N., Intensity distribution in the N₂ k(b¹Π_u)←¹Σ_g⁺ transition, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 3769. [all data]

Leoni and Dressler, 1971
Leoni, M.; Dressler, K., Predissociation probabilities and determination of a repulsive potential in the N₂ molecule, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 1971, 22, 794. [all data]

Dressler and Lutz, 1967
Dressler, K.; Lutz, B.L., Optical identification of the 12.28-eV quadrupole transition in molecular nitrogen, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1967, 19, 1219. [all data]

Lassettre, Skerbele, et al., 1966
Lassettre, E.N.; Skerbele, A.; Meyer, V.D., Quadrupole-allowed transitions in the electron-impact spectrum of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 3214. [all data]

Michels, 1970
Michels, H.H., Identification of two low-lying non-Rydberg states of the nitrogen molecule, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 841. [all data]

Ledbetter and Dressler, 1976
Ledbetter, J.W., Jr.; Dressler, K., Interaction of the C'³Π_u and C³Π_u states in ¹⁴N₂, ¹⁴N¹⁵N, and ¹⁵N₂, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1976, 63, 370. [all data]

Carroll, 1963
Carroll, P.K., The structure of the Goldstein-Kaplan bands of N₂, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1963, 272, 270. [all data]

Ledbetter, 1977
Ledbetter, J.W., Jr., A new band of N₂ and identification of the lower vibronic level of the C', v=1 and the C, v=5 ³Π_u state interaction, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 67, 3400. [all data]

Borst, 1972
Borst, W.L., Excitation of several important metastable states of N₂ by electron impact, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1972, 5, 648. [all data]

Borst and Zipf, 1971
Borst, W.L.; Zipf, E.C., Lifetimes of metastable CO and N₂ molecules, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1971, 3, 979. [all data]

Carroll and Mulliken, 1965
Carroll, P.K.; Mulliken, R.S., ³Π Levels and predissociations of N₂ near the 12.135-eV dissociation limit, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 2170. [all data]

Budo, 1935
Budo, A., Uber die Triplett-Bandentermformel fur den allgemeinen intermediaren fall und anwendung derselben auf die B³Π-, C³Π-terme des N₂-molekuls, Z. Phys., 1935, 96, 219. [all data]

Buttenbender and Herzberg, 1935
Buttenbender, G.; Herzberg, G., Uber die struktur der zweiten positiven stickstoffgruppe und die pradissoziation des N₂-molekuls, Ann. Phys. (Neue Folge), 1935, 21, 577. [all data]

Hori and Endo, 1941
Hori, T.; Endo, Y., Uber die pradissoziation in der zweiten positiven stickstoffgruppe, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Jpn., 1941, 23, 834. [all data]

Frackowiak, 1964
Frackowiak, M., Predissociation in C³Π_u state of ¹⁵N₂, Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys., 1964, 12, 361. [all data]

Gero, 1935
Gero, L., Zur deutung der storungen in den zweiten positiven stickstoffbanden, Z. Phys., 1935, 96, 669. [all data]

Coster and Brons, 1935
Coster, D.; Brons, F., Zur deutung der storungen in den zweiten positiven stickstoffbanden, Z. Phys., 1935, 97, 570. [all data]

Johnson and Fowler, 1970
Johnson, A.W.; Fowler, R.G., Measured lifetimes of rotational and vibrational levels of electronic states of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 65. [all data]

Imhof and Read, 1971
Imhof, R.E.; Read, F.H., Measured lifetimes of the C³Π_u state of N₂ and the a³Σ_g⁺ state of H₂, J. Phys. B:, 1971, 4, 1063. [all data]

Dotchin and Chupp, 1973
Dotchin, L.W.; Chupp, E.L., Radiative lifetimes and pressure dependence of the relaxation rates of some vibronic levels in N₂⁺, N₂, CO⁺, and CO, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 3960. [all data]

Chen and Anderson, 1975
Chen, S.T.; Anderson, R.J., Excitation of the C³Π_u state of N₂ by electron impact, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 1250. [all data]

Osherovich and Gorshkov, 1976
Osherovich, A.L.; Gorshkov, V.N., Measurement of the radiation lifetimes of the C³Π_u excited state of the N₂ molecule and the B²Σ_u⁺ excited state of the N₂⁺ molecule by the phase-shift and delayed-coincidences methods, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1976, 41, 92, In original 158. [all data]

Nicholls, 1963
Nicholls, R.W., Einstein A coefficients, oscillator strengths and absolute band strengths for the N₂ second positive and N₂⁺ first negative systems, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 1963, 25, 218. [all data]

Reis, 1964
Reis, V.H., Oscillator strengths for the N₂ second positive and N₂⁺ first negative systems from observations of shock layers about hypersonic projectiles, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1964, 4, 783. [all data]

Parks, Rao, et al., 1968
Parks, J.H.; Rao, D.R.; Javan, A., A high-resolution study of the C³Π_u → B³Π_g (O,O) stimulated transitions in N₂, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1968, 13, 142. [all data]

Kasuya and Lide, 1967
Kasuya, T.; Lide, D.R., Jr., Measurements on the molecular nitrogen pulsed laser, Appl. Opt., 1967, 6, 69. [all data]

Bleekrode, 1968
Bleekrode, R., Contribution to the study of "abnormal" rotational energy distributions in the C³Π_u-B³Π_g bands of ¹⁴N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 49, 951. [all data]

Fishburne, Lazdinis, et al., 1967
Fishburne, E.S.; Lazdinis, S.S.; Seibert, G.L., The N₂ second positive system excited by impact with a metastable argon atom, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 23, 100. [all data]

Shvangiradze, Oganezov, et al., 1960
Shvangiradze, R.R.; Oganezov, K.A.; Chikhladze, B.Ya., Isotopic band shifts in the electronic-vibrational spectra of some diatomic molecules, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1960, 8, 239. [all data]

Zare, Larsson, et al., 1965
Zare, R.N.; Larsson, E.O.; Berg, R.A., Franck-Condon factors for electronic band systems of molecular nitrogen, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1965, 15, 117. [all data]

Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966
Benesch, W.; Vanderslice, J.T.; Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., Franck-Condon factors for permitted transitions in N₂, Astrophys. J., 1966, 144, 408. [all data]

Shumaker, 1969
Shumaker, J.B., Jr., Franck-Condon factors for high rotational levels of nitrogen, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1969, 9, 153. [all data]

Tyte, 1962
Tyte, D.C., The effect of helium on the intensity of the second positive system of nitrogen, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1962, 80, 1354. [all data]

Shemansky and Broadfoot, 1971
Shemansky, D.E.; Broadfoot, A.L., Excitation of N₂ and N₂⁺ systems by electrons. I. Absolute transition probabilities, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1971, 11, 1385. [all data]

Jain, 1972
Jain, D.C., Transition moment variation in the first and second positive band systems of N₂, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1972, 12, 759. [all data]

Benesch, Vanderslice, et al., 1966, 2
Benesch, W.; Vanderslice, J.T.; Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., Franck-Condon factors for observed transitions in N₂ above 6 EV, Astrophys. J., 1966, 143, 236. [all data]

Carroll, 1962
Carroll, P.K., Note on the ⁵Σ_g⁺ state of N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 37, 805. [all data]

Oldenberg, 1957
Oldenberg, O., The ⁵Σ level of the nitrogen molecule in The Threshold of Space [The Proceedings of the Conference on Chemical Aeronomy, Zelikoff, ed(s)., Pergamon Press, Publications Division, New York, 1957, 180-185. [all data]

Mulliken, 1962
Mulliken, R.S., Low-energy ⁵Σ_g⁺ states of the nitrogen molecule, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 37, 809. [all data]

Bayes and Kistiakowsky, 1960
Bayes, K.D.; Kistiakowsky, G.B., On the mechanism of the Lewis-Rayleigh nitrogen afterglow, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 32, 992. [all data]

Krauss and Neumann, 1976
Krauss, M.; Neumann, D.B., The ⁵Σ_g⁺ states of N₂, Mol. Phys., 1976, 32, 101. [all data]

Lofthus and Mulliken, 1957
Lofthus, A.; Mulliken, R.S., Emission band spectra of nitrogen. Kaplan's first and second systems, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 26, 1010. [all data]

Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1979
Tilford; Vanderslice; Tanaka, Unpublished, quoted by Lofthus and Krupenie, 1977, cited in Huber and Herzberg, 1979, 1979, 425. [all data]

Tilford and Benesch, 1976
Tilford, S.G.; Benesch, W.M., Absorption oscillator strengths for the a'¹Σ_u^--X¹Σ_g⁺ and w¹Δ_u-X¹Σ_g⁺ transitions of molecular nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 3370. [all data]

Roncin, Damany, et al., 1967
Roncin, J.-Y.; Damany, N.; Romand, J., Far ultraviolet absorption spectra of atoms and molecules trapped in rare gas matrices at low temperature, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1967, 22, 154. [all data]

Vanderslice, Tilford, et al., 1965
Vanderslice, J.T.; Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G., The high-resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen from 1060 to 1520 Å. I. The a¹Π_g ← X¹Σ_g⁺ system, Astrophys. J., 1965, 141, 395. [all data]

Douglas and Herzberg, 1951
Douglas, A.E.; Herzberg, G., Predissociation and dissociation of the N₂ molecule, Can. J. Phys., 1951, 29, 294. [all data]

Freund, 1972
Freund, R.S., Radiative lifetime of N₂(a¹Π_g) and the formation of metastable N₂(a'¹Σ_u^-), J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 4344. [all data]

Ching, Cook, et al., 1967
Ching, B.K.; Cook, G.R.; Becker, R.A., Oscillator strengths of the a, w, and C bands of N₂, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1967, 7, 323. [all data]

Pilling, Bass, et al., 1971
Pilling, M.J.; Bass, A.M.; Braun, W., A curve of growth determination of the f-values for the fourth positive system of CO and the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield system of N₂, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1971, 11, 1593. [all data]

Wilkinson and Mulliken, 1957
Wilkinson, P.G.; Mulliken, R.S., An electric quadrupole electronic band system in molecular nitrogen, Astrophys. J., 1957, 126, 10. [all data]

Vanderslice, Wilkinson, et al., 1965
Vanderslice, J.T.; Wilkinson, P.G.; Tilford, S.G., Magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole transition moments for the a¹Π_g ← X¹Σ_g⁺ transition in N₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 2681. [all data]

McEwen and Nicholls, 1966
McEwen, D.J.; Nicholls, R.W., Intensity distribution of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield band system of N₂, Nature (London), 1966, 209, 902. [all data]

Lassettre, Meyer, et al., 1965
Lassettre, E.N.; Meyer, V.D.; Longmire, M.S., Relative intensities of Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands in electron impact spectrum of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 42, 807. [all data]

Tilford, Wilkinson, et al., 1965
Tilford, S.G.; Wilkinson, P.G.; Vanderslice, J.T., The high-resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen from 1060 to 1520 Å. II. The a'¹Σ_u^- ← X¹Σ_g⁺ system, Astrophys. J., 1965, 141, 427. [all data]

Tilford, Vanderslice, et al., 1965
Tilford, S.G.; Vanderslice, J.T.; Wilkinson, P.G., The high resolution absorption spectrum of nitrogen from 1060 to 1520 Å. III. The B'³Σ_u^- ← X¹Σ_g⁺ system, Astrophys. J., 1965, 141, 1226. [all data]

Kovacs, 1970
Kovacs, I., On an intercombination transition of the N₂ molecule, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1970, 28, 239, In original 444. [all data]

Saum and Benesch, 1970, 2
Saum, K.A.; Benesch, W.M., W³Δ_u-X¹Σ_g+ system of N₂, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1970, 2, 1655. [all data]

Bullock and Hause, 1971
Bullock, L.E.; Hause, C.D., Molecular constants of the B³Π and A³Σ states of N₂, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1971, 39, 519. [all data]

Artym, 1966
Artym, R.I., Formula for the vibrational transitions of the triplet states B³Π_g - A³_u⁺ of nitrogen, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1966, 2, 2, In original 4. [all data]

Van Der Ziel, 1934
Van Der Ziel, A., Predissociation in the first positive group of N₂ and its bearing on the electronic level diagram of the nitrogen molecule, Physica (The Hague), 1934, 1, 353. [all data]

Polak, Slovetskii, et al., 1972
Polak, L.S.; Slovetskii, D.I.; Sokolov, A.S., Predissociation and quenching probabilities for the vibrational levels of the B³Π_g state of molecular nitrogen, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1972, 32, 247, In original 472. [all data]

Becker, Fink, et al., 1972
Becker, K.H.; Fink, E.H.; Groth, W.; Jud, W.; Kley, D., N₂ formation in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1972, 53, 35. [all data]

Ung, 1976
Ung, A.Y.-M., Observations of the high vibrational levels of N₂(B³Π_g) in the Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 2987. [all data]

Chen and Anderson, 1975, 2
Chen, S.T.; Anderson, R.J., Excitation of the B³Π_g states of N₂ by electron impact, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1975, 12, 468. [all data]

Jeunehomme, 1966
Jeunehomme, M., Transition moment of the first positive band system of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1966, 45, 1805. [all data]

Wurster, 1962
Wurster, W.H., Measured transition probability for the first-positive band system of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 36, 2111. [all data]

Dronov, Sobolev, et al., 1966
Dronov, A.P.; Sobolev, N.N.; Faizullov, F.S., Determination of the electronic transition strength for the first positive band system of nitrogen. II, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1966, 21, 301, In original 538. [all data]

Cunio and Jansson, 1968
Cunio, B.E.; Jansson, R.E.W., The electronic transition moment of the N₂ first positive system (N₂ 1PG), J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1968, 8, 1763. [all data]

Kupriyanova, Kolesnikov, et al., 1969
Kupriyanova, E.B.; Kolesnikov, V.N.; Sobolev, N.N., Electronic band strengths of the first positive system of N₂ and of the Mainel system of N₂⁺-II, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 1969, 9, 1025. [all data]

Miller, 1970, 2
Miller, R.E., Rotational line intensities in ³Σ⁺-¹Σ⁺ electronic transitions, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1970, 1, 590. [all data]

Freund, Miller, et al., 1970
Freund, R.S.; Miller, T.A.; de Santis, D.; Lurio, A., Radio-frequency spectrum of metastable N₂(A ³Σ_u⁺). I. Magnetic hyperfine and electric quadrupole constants, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 53, 6, 2290-2303. [all data]

de Santis, Lurio, et al., 1973
de Santis, D.; Lurio, A.; Miller, T.A.; Freund, R.S., Radio-frequency spectrum of metastable N₂(A³Σ_u⁺). II. Fine structure, magnetic hyperfine structure, and electric quadrupole constants in the lowest 13 vibrational levels, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 4625. [all data]

Shemansky, 1969
Shemansky, D.E., N₂ Vegard-Kaplan system in absorption, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 689. [all data]

Shemansky and Carleton, 1969
Shemansky, D.E.; Carleton, N.P., Lifetime of the N₂ Vegard-Kaplan system, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 682. [all data]

Meyer, Klosterboer, et al., 1971
Meyer, J.A.; Klosterboer, D.H.; Setser, D.W., Energy transfer reactions of N₂(A³Σ_u⁺). IV. Measurement of the radiative lifetime and study of the interaction with olefins and other molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 55, 2084. [all data]

Chandraiah and Shepherd, 1968
Chandraiah, G.; Shepherd, G.G., Intensity measurements in emission of 18 Vegard-Kaplan bands of N₂, Can. J. Phys., 1968, 46, 221. [all data]

Broadfoot and Maran, 1969
Broadfoot, A.L.; Maran, S.P., Electronic transition moment for the N₂ Vegard-Kaplan bands, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 51, 678. [all data]

Butcher and Jones, 1974
Butcher, R.J.; Jones, W.J., Study of the rotational Raman spectra of ¹⁴N¹⁵N and ¹⁵N₂, using a Fabry-Perot etalon, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 1974, 70, 560. [all data]

Chan, Baker, et al., 1964
Chan, S.I.; Baker, M.R.; Ramsey, N.F., Molecular-beam magnetic-resonance studies of the nitrogen molecule, Phys. Rev., 1964, 136, 1224. [all data]

Dunning, Cartwright, et al., 1976
Dunning, T.H., Jr.; Cartwright, D.C.; Hunt, W.J.; Hay, P.J.; Bobrowicz, F.W., Generalized valence bond calculations on the ground state (X¹Σ_g⁺) of nitrogen, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64, 4755. [all data]

van der Wiel, El-Sherbini, et al., 1970
van der Wiel, M.J.; El-Sherbini, Th.M.; Brion, C.E., K shell excitation of nitrogen and carbon monoxide by electron impact, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1970, 7, 161. [all data]

Carlson, Moddeman, et al., 1970
Carlson, T.A.; Moddeman, W.E.; Pullen, B.P.; Krause, M.O., Identification of high energy lines in the K-LL Auger spectrum of N₂, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1970, 5, 390. [all data]

Lindholm, 1969
Lindholm, E., Rydberg series in small molecules. III. Rydberg series in N₂, Ark. Fys., 1969, 40, 111. [all data]

Carroll, 1973
Carroll, P.K., Band structures in N₂ Rydberg complexes, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 3597. [all data]

Cartwright and Dunning, 1974
Cartwright, D.C.; Dunning, T.H., Jr., Vibrational matrix elements of the quadrupole moment of N₂(X¹Σ_g⁺), J. Phys. B:, 1974, 7, 1776. [all data]

Ketelaar and Rettschnick, 1963
Ketelaar, J.A.A.; Rettschnick, R.P.H., The quadrupole moment of nitrogen deduced from the pressure-induced rotational spectrum of nitrogen, Mol. Phys., 1963, 7, 191. [all data]

Buckingham, Disch, et al., 1968
Buckingham, A.D.; Disch, R.L.; Dunmur, D.A., The quadrupole moments of some simple molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 3104. [all data]

Huber and Herzberg, 1979
Huber, K.P.; Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1979, 716. [all data]

Notes

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