2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-6-propyl-
- Formula: C8H14O2
- Molecular weight: 142.1956
- IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H14O2/c1-2-4-7-5-3-6-8(9)10-7/h7H,2-6H2,1H3
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: FYTRVXSHONWYNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 698-76-0
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: δ-Octalactone; δ-Propylvalerolactone; Octanoic acid, 5-hydroxy-, δ-lactone; 5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid δ-lactone; 5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone; β-Octalactone; δ-Octanolactone; δ-Octanolide; 5-Octanolide; 6-Propyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one; 5-octanolide (δ-octalactone); tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one; D-octanolactone
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Phase change data
Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
| Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔvapH° | 16.0 ± 0.05 | kcal/mol | GS | Emel'yanenko, Kozlova, et al., 2007 | Based on data from 288. to 353. K. |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
| Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
|---|---|
| Origin | Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-IW-4029 |
| NIST MS number | 237168 |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | BP-20 | 1929. | MacLeod and Pieris, 1983 | H2, 65. C @ 3. min, 12. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm; Tend: 180. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1288. | Lozano P.R., Drake M., et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 225. C @ 25. min |
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1302. | Lozano P.R., Miracle E.R., et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 225. C @ 25. min |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 1298. | Schlutt B., Moran N., et al., 2007 | He, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 240. C @ 5. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1287. | Whetstine M.E.C., Drake M.A., et al., 2006 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 200. C @ 45. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1283. | Colahan-Sederstrom and Peterson, 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 30. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 2. min |
| Capillary | HP-5 | 1287. | Mahattanatawee, Goodner, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | HP-5 | 1290. | Mahattanatawee, Goodner, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | HP-5 | 1287. | Mahattanatawee, Goodner, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1287. | Whetstine, Cadwallader, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1306. | Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1306. | Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | SPB-5 | 1270. | Píno, Marbot, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1283. | Peterson and Reineccius, 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 4. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1283. | Peterson and Reineccius, 2003, 2 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 4. min |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 1250. | Wu, Kuo, et al., 1991 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1.05 μm, He, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 40. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1292. | Guichard and Souty, 1988 | H2, 30. C @ 5. min, 1.5 K/min; Column length: 0.32 m; Column diameter: 1. mm; Tend: 180. C |
| Packed | OV-101 | 1270. | Nixon, Wong, et al., 1979 | Gas-Chrom Q, 2. K/min; Column length: 2.5 m; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 220. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | SE-54 | 1266. | Frauendorfer and Schieberle, 2006 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(1min) => 40C/min => 60C(1min) => 4C/min => 140C => 20C/min => 240C(5min) |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1295. | Wang, Finn, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 40C(2min) => 5C/min => 100C => 4C/min => 230C (10min) |
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1270. | Boulanger and Crouzet, 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 40C (5min) => 2C/min => 200C => 5C/min => 250C (15min) |
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 1268. | Boulanger and Crouzet, 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 40C (5min) => 2C/min => 200C => 5C/min => 250C (15min) |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 1290. | Kubícková and Grosch, 1997 | Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 35C (2min) => 40C/min => 50C (2min) => 4C/min => 250C (10min) |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax Etr | 1965. | Aubert and Chanforan, 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | FFAP | 1974. | Lozano P.R., Drake M., et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 225. C @ 25. min |
| Capillary | FFAP | 1988. | Lozano P.R., Miracle E.R., et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 225. C @ 25. min |
| Capillary | FFAP | 1980. | Schlutt B., Moran N., et al., 2007 | He, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 240. C @ 5. min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
| Capillary | DB-Wax Etr | 1966. | Aubert C. and Pitrat M., 2006 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-FFAP | 1973. | Colahan-Sederstrom and Peterson, 2005 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 30. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 2. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1977. | Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1977. | Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-FFAP | 1976. | Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004 | 15. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 225. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1988. | Mahajan, Goddik, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 230. C @ 10. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1964. | Aubert, Günata, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 2. K/min, 245. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1964. | Aubert, Günata, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 3. min, 2. K/min, 245. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1977. | Peterson and Reineccius, 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 35. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min, 240. C @ 6. min |
| Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1970. | Moreira, Trugo, et al., 2002 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 30. min; Tstart: 50. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1999. | Shimoda, Yoshimura, et al., 2001 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; Tstart: 50. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1947. | Umano, Hagi, et al., 1992 | He, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1953. | Frohlich and Schreier, 1990 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; Tend: 220. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | FFAP | 1989. | Frauendorfer and Schieberle, 2006 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.2 μm, He; Program: 40C(1min) => 40C/min => 60C(1min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 240C |
| Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1993. | Sing, Smadja, et al., 1992 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 20C(0.5min) => 60C => 4C/min => 250C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | OV-101 | 1243. | Tamura, Boonbumrung, et al., 2000 | Nitrogen, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 1241. | Peppard, 1992 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, He, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min; Tstart: 40. C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 1252. | Peppard, 1992 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, He, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 30. min; Tstart: 40. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 1287. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 1297. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 1289. | Christlbauer and Schieberle, 2009 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 35 0C (2 min) 10 0C/min -> 50 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 250 0C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1288. | Tokitomo, Steihaus, et al., 2005 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 40 0C/min -> 60 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 180 0C 10 0C/min -> 240 0C (5 min) |
| Capillary | SE-30 | 1252. | Vinogradov, 2004 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | HP-1 | 1250. | Teai, Claude-Lafontaine, et al., 2001 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, N2; Program: 40C => 2C/min => 130C => 4C/min => 250C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | FFAP | 1976. | Christlbauer and Schieberle, 2009 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min; Tend: 240. C |
| Capillary | Innowax | 1967. | Kaypak and Avsar, 2008 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 10. K/min, 200. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax Etr | 1988. | Ibarz, Ferreira, et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 100. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1989. | Kumazawa and Masuda, 2002 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 210. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1985. | Kumazawa and Masuda, 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 210. C |
| Capillary | EC-1000 | 1990. | Bendall, 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 230. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1947. | Morales, Duque, et al., 2000 | 25. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1993. | Morales, Duque, et al., 2000 | 25. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1984. | Tamura, Boonbumrung, et al., 2000 | Nitrogen, 40. C @ 10. min, 2. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1975. | Iwatsuki, Mizota, et al., 1999 | 4. K/min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.53 mm; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 210. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1980. | Kumazawa and Masuda, 1999 | 30. m/0.53 mm/1. μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 210. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1986. | Kumazawa and Masuda, 1999 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 210. C |
| Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1985. | Lopez, Ferreira, et al., 1999 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 190. C |
| Capillary | TC-Wax | 2002. | Shuichi, Masazumi, et al., 1996 | 80. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tend: 240. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1964. | Engel, Flath, et al., 1988 | 60. m/0.322 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 230. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1948. | Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 180. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1949. | Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 180. C |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1988. | Loscos, Hernandez-Orte, et al., 2009 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (3 min) 10 0C/min -> 90 0C 2 0C/min -> 230 0C (37 min) |
| Capillary | DB-Wax Etr | 1988. | Loskos, Hernandez-Orte, et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 10C/min => 90C => 2C/min => 230C (37min) |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1976. | Ferreira, Pet'ka, et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, H2; Program: 40C(2min) => 6C/min => 200C (15min) => 220C (20min) |
| Capillary | CP-Wax 58CB | 1941. | Tokitomo, Steihaus, et al., 2005 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.20 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 40 0C/min -> 60 0C (1 min) 6 0C/min -> 180 0C 10 0C/min -> 240 0C (5 min) |
| Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1929. | Vinogradov, 2004 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1977. | Peterson and Reineccius, 2003, 2 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | TRWAX | 1966. | Torrens, 2002 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1955. | Mayorga, Knapp, et al., 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 50C(4min) => 4C/min => 130C => 1C/min => 190C => 4C/min => 220C(20min) |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1956. | Mayorga, Knapp, et al., 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 50C(4min) => 4C/min => 130C => 1C/min => 190C => 4C/min => 220C(20min) |
References
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Emel'yanenko, Kozlova, et al., 2007
Emel'yanenko, Vladimir N.; Kozlova, Svetlana A.; Verevkin, Sergey P.; Roganov, Gennady N.,
Vapour pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of a series of δ-lactones,
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2007, 39, 1, 10-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2006.06.010
. [all data]
MacLeod and Pieris, 1983
MacLeod, A.J.; Pieris, N.M.,
Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L.) with particular reference to glucosinolate products,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1983, 31, 5, 1005-1008, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00119a021
. [all data]
Lozano P.R., Drake M., et al., 2007
Lozano P.R.; Drake M.; Benitez D.; Cadwallader K.R.,
Instrumental and sensory characterization of heat-induced odorants in aseptically packaged soy milk,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 8, 3018-3026, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0631225
. [all data]
Lozano P.R., Miracle E.R., et al., 2007
Lozano P.R.; Miracle E.R.; Krause A.J.; Drake M.; Cadwallader K.R.,
Effect of cold storage and packaging material on the major aroma components of sweet cream butter,
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Schlutt B., Moran N., et al., 2007
Schlutt B.; Moran N.; Schieberle P.; Hofmann T.,
Sensory-directed identification of creaminess-enhancing volatiles and semivolatiles in full-fat cream,
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Whetstine M.E.C., Drake M.A., et al., 2006
Whetstine M.E.C.; Drake M.A.; Nelson B.K.; Barbano D.M.,
Flavor profiles of full-fat and reduced-fat cheese and cheese fat made from aged cheddar with the fat removed using a novel process,
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Colahan-Sederstrom and Peterson, 2005
Colahan-Sederstrom, P.M.; Peterson, D.G.,
Inhibition of key aroma compound generated during ultrahigh-temperature processing of bovine milk via epicatechin addition,
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Mahattanatawee, Goodner, et al., 2005
Mahattanatawee, K.; Goodner, K.L.; Baldwin, E.A.,
Volatile constituents and character impact compounds of selected Florida's tropical fruit,
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Whetstine, Cadwallader, et al., 2005
Whetstine, M.E.C.; Cadwallader, K.R.; Drake, M.A.,
Characterization of aroma compounds responsible for the rosy/floral flavor in cheddar cheese,
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. [all data]
Avsar, Karagul-Yuceer, et al., 2004
Avsar, Y.K.; Karagul-Yuceer, Y.; Drake, M.A.; Singh, T.K.; Yoon, Y.; Cadwallader, K.R.,
Characterization of nutty flavor in cheddar cheese,
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Píno, Marbot, et al., 2004
Píno, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Vázquez, C.,
Volatile components of the fruits of Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. from Cuba,
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Peterson and Reineccius, 2003
Peterson, D.G.; Reineccius, G.A.,
Characterization of the volatile compounds that constitute fresh sweet cream butter aroma,
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Peterson and Reineccius, 2003, 2
Peterson, D.G.; Reineccius, G.A.,
Determination of the aroma impact compounds in heated sweet cream butter,
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Wu, Kuo, et al., 1991
Wu, P.; Kuo, M.-C.; Hartman, T.G.; Rosen, R.T.; Ho, C.-T.,
Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.),
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Guichard and Souty, 1988
Guichard, E.; Souty, M.,
Comparison of the relative quantities of aroma compounds found in fresh apricot (Prunus armeniaca) from six different varieties,
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Nixon, Wong, et al., 1979
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Nonacidic constituents of volatiles from cooked mutton,
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Frauendorfer and Schieberle, 2006
Frauendorfer, F.; Schieberle, P.,
Identification of the key aroma compounds in Cocoa powder based on molecular sensoly correlations,
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Wang, Y.; Finn, C.; Qian, M.C.,
Impact of Growing Environment on Chickasaw Blackberry ( Rubus L.) Aroma Evaluated by Gas Chromatography Olfactometry Dilution Analysis,
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Boulanger and Crouzet, 2001
Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.,
Identification of the aroma components of acerola (Malphigia glabra L.): free and bound flavor compounds,
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Kubícková and Grosch, 1997
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Notes
Go To: Top, Phase change data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References
- Symbols used in this document:
ΔvapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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