2-Butene, (E)-

Formula: C₄H₈
Molecular weight: 56.1063
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C4H8/c1-3-4-2/h3-4H,1-2H3/b4-3+
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 624-64-6
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- (E)-2-Butene-d8
Stereoisomers:
- 2-Butene
- 2-Butene, (Z)-
Other names: (E)-2-Butene; trans-Butene; trans-1,2-Dimethylethylene; trans-2-Butene; 2-trans-Butene; (E)-2-C4H8; 2-Butene, trans-; Butene-2,trans; t-Butene-2; (E)-but-2-ene
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Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_boil	274.2 ± 0.5	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_fus	167.35	K	N/A	Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	167.62	K	N/A	Chao, Hall, et al., 1983	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
T_triple	167.61	K	N/A	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; by extrapolation of 1/f to 0; TRC
T_triple	167.3	K	N/A	Todd and Parks, 1936	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	428.6 ± 0.1	K	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
T_c	428.6	K	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985
T_c	428.61	K	N/A	Ambrose, Cox, et al., 1960	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.3 K; Visual, PRT, IPTS-48; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	40.5 ± 0.2	atm	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.2377	l/mol	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	4.21 ± 0.02	mol/l	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_vapH°	5.251	kcal/mol	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Δ_vapH°	5.09	kcal/mol	N/A	Reid, 1972	AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
5.4391	274.04	N/A	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	P = 101.325 kPa; DH
5.430	274.	N/A	Majer and Svoboda, 1985
5.71	272.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 205. to 287. K.; AC
5.64	288.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 273. to 315. K.; AC
5.57	328.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 313. to 385. K.; AC
5.54	397.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 382. to 428. K.; AC
5.44 ± 0.15	274.	C	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	ALS
5.45 ± 0.02	274.	C	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	AC
5.78	259.	N/A	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	Based on data from 203. to 274. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
5.71	268.	N/A	Lamb and Roper, 1940	Based on data from 205. to 283. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
5.695	273.4	V	Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935, 2	At 355 °K; ALS

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-αT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kcal/mol)
T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Temperature (K)	274. to 394.
A (kcal/mol)	7.335
α	-0.1948
β	0.417
T_c (K)	428.6
Reference	Majer and Svoboda, 1985

Entropy of vaporization

Δ_vapS (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
19.85	274.04	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	P; DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (atm)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
201.70 to 274.13	4.0379	982.166	-30.775	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

Δ_fusH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
2.332	167.62	Chao, Hall, et al., 1983, 2	DH
2.332	167.61	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	DH
2.33	167.6	Domalski and Hearing, 1996	AC
2.357	167.3	Todd and Parks, 1936, 2	DH

Entropy of fusion

Δ_fusS (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
13.9	167.62	Chao, Hall, et al., 1983, 2	DH
13.91	167.61	Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2	DH
14.09	167.3	Todd and Parks, 1936, 2	DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	BPX-5	30.	413.	Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995	12. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2
Capillary	BPX-5	30.	414.	Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995	12. m/0.15 mm/0.25 μm, H2
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	20.	410.2	Do and Raulin, 1992	25. m/0.15 mm/2. μm, H2
Capillary	PoraPLOT Q	100.	402.	Do and Raulin, 1989	10. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2
Capillary	PoraPLOT Q	160.	400.	Do and Raulin, 1989	10. m/0.32 mm/10. μm, H2
Capillary	Squalane	50.	406.9	Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	DB-1	40.	410.	Lubeck and Sutton, 1984	60. m/0.264 mm/0.25 μm, H2
Capillary	HP-PONA	40.	410.	Lubeck and Sutton, 1984	50. m/0.21 mm/0.5 μm, H2
Capillary	OV-1	20.	405.	Nijs and Jacobs, 1981	He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	406.5	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	70.	404.4	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	406.1	Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	50.	406.49	Pacáková and Koslík, 1978	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, N2
Packed	Squalane	80.	405.	Chrétien and Dubois, 1977
Capillary	Squalane	50.	407.	Chretien and Dubois, 1976
Capillary	Squalane	100.	406.7	Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976	He; Column length: 120. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	40.	403.	Matukuma, 1969	N2; Column length: 91.4 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	27.	407.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	49.	406.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	67.	407.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	86.	406.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	SE-30	70.	412.	Widmer, 1967	Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m
Packed	SE-30	70.	412.	Widmer, 1967	Diatoport S; Column length: 7.9 m
Packed	Squalane	26.	407.	Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966	Column length: 10. m

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH-100	412.3	Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997	He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min)
Capillary	DB-1	414.	Hoekman, 1993	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Packed	Carbowax 20M	130.	464.	Widmer, 1967	Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	70.	450.	Widmer, 1967	Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m
Packed	Carbowax 20M	70.	450.	Widmer, 1967	Diatoport P; Column length: 7.9 m

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH	406.42	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	408.4	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	408.	White, Hackett, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-5	411.	Zaikin and Borisov, 2002	He; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Program: 30C => 5K/min=120C => 10C/min => 270C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	OV-101	40.	406.	Li and Deng, 1998	N2; Column length: 51. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	50.	383.	N/A	N2; Column length: 74.6 m; Column diameter: 0.28 mm
Packed	Methyl Silicone	50.	417.	Huguet, 1961	Nitrogen, Celite C-22; Column length: 2.5 m

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB	410.	Bramston-Cook, 2013	60. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1.45 min, 3.6 K/min, 210. C @ 2.72 min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	411.	Supelco, 2012	100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	PONA	406.	Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009	50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Nitrogen, 35. C @ 15. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	OV-101	408.	Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 52. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	SE-54	406.	Guan, Li, et al., 1995	60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	DB-1	406.	Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992	60. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 240. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane	405.	Junkes, Castanho, et al., 2003	Program: not specified
Capillary	PONA	412.	Perkin Elmer Instruments, 2002	Column length: 100. m; Phase thickness: 0.50 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	409.	Spieksma, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxanes	408.	Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Packed	SE-30	411.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C910min) => 20C/min => 90(6min) => 10C/min => 150C(hold)

References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of Organic Reactions II. Hydrogenation of Some Simpler Olefinic Hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-82. [all data]

Chao, Hall, et al., 1983
Chao, J.; Hall, K.R.; Yao, J.M., Thermodynamic Properties of Simple Alkenes, Thermochim. Acta, 1983, 64, 285. [all data]

Guttman and Pitzer, 1945
Guttman, L.; Pitzer, K.S., trans-2-Butene. The Heat Capacity, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization and Vapor Pressure. The Entropy and Barrier to Internal Rotation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1945, 67, 324-7. [all data]

Todd and Parks, 1936
Todd, S.S.; Parks, G.S., Thermal Data on Organic Compounds XV. Some Heat Capacity, Entropy and Free Energy Data for the Isomeric Butenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 134. [all data]

Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
Tsonopoulos, C.; Ambrose, D., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 6. Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1996, 41, 645-656. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Ambrose, Cox, et al., 1960
Ambrose, D.; Cox, J.D.; Townsend, R., The critical temperatures of forty organic compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1960, 56, 1452. [all data]

Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C., Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00, AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637 . [all data]

Guttman and Pitzer, 1945, 2
Guttman, L.; Pitzer, K.S., trans-2-Butene. The heat capacity, heats of fusion and vaporization, and vapor pressure. The entropy and barrier to internal rotation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1945, 67, 324-327. [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Lamb and Roper, 1940
Lamb, Arthur B.; Roper, Edwin E., The Vapor Pressures of Certain Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1940, 62, 4, 806-814, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01861a032 . [all data]

Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935, 2
Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Ruhoff, J.R.; Smith, H.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. II. Hydrogenation of some simpler olefinic hydrocarbons, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 876-882. [all data]

Chao, Hall, et al., 1983, 2
Chao, J.; Hall, K.R.; Yao, J.M., Thermodynamic properties of simple alkenes, Thermochim. Acta, 1983, 64(3), 285-303. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Todd and Parks, 1936, 2
Todd, S.S.; Parks, G.S., Thermal data on organic compounds. XV. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for the isomeric butenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1936, 58, 134-137. [all data]

Aflalaye, Sternberg, et al., 1995
Aflalaye, A.; Sternberg, R.; Raulin, F.; Vidal-Madjar, C., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. VI. Analysis of low-molecular-mass hydrocarbons and nitriles with BPX5 capillary columns, J. Chromatogr. A, 1995, 708, 2, 283-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(95)00410-O . [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1992
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. III. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a CP-Sil-5 CB WCOT capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1992, 591, 1-2, 297-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)80247-R . [all data]

Do and Raulin, 1989
Do, L.; Raulin, F., Gas chromatography of Titan's atmosphere. I. Analysis of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and nitriles with a PoraPLOT Q porous polymer coated open-tubular capillary column, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 481, 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96751-2 . [all data]

Papazova, Milina, et al., 1988
Papazova, D.; Milina, R.; Dimov, N., Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C₅-petroleum fraction of methylsilicone and squalane phases, Chromatographia, 1988, 25, 3, 177-180, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02316441 . [all data]

Lubeck and Sutton, 1984
Lubeck, A.J.; Sutton, D.L., Kovats Retention Indices of Selected Olefins on Bonded Phase Fused Silica Capillaries, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1984, 7, 9, 542-544, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240070913 . [all data]

Nijs and Jacobs, 1981
Nijs, H.H.; Jacobs, P.A., On-Line Single Run Analysis of Effluents from a Fischer-Tropsch Reactor, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1981, 19, 1, 40-45, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.1.40 . [all data]

Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A., Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 2. Pyrolysis of methylcyclohexane, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 2, 135-142, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360070a012 . [all data]

Bajus, Veselý, et al., 1979, 2
Bajus, M.; Veselý, V.; Leclercq, P.A.; Rijks, J.A., Steam cracking of hydrocarbons. 1. Pyrolysis of heptane, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 18, 1, 30-37, https://doi.org/10.1021/i360069a007 . [all data]

Pacáková and Koslík, 1978
Pacáková, V.; Koslík, V., Capillary reaction gas chromatography. I. Catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons, Chromatographia, 1978, 11, 5, 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02282952 . [all data]

Chrétien and Dubois, 1977
Chrétien, J.R.; Dubois, J.E., Topological analysis of gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of alkenes, Anal. Chem., 1977, 49, 6, 747-756, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50014a021 . [all data]

Chretien and Dubois, 1976
Chretien, J.R.; Dubois, J.-E., New Perspectives in the Prediction of Kovats Indices, J. Chromatogr., 1976, 126, 171-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)84071-1 . [all data]

Lulova, Leont'eva, et al., 1976
Lulova, N.I.; Leont'eva, S.A.; Timofeeva, A.N., Gas-chromatographic method of determination of individual hydrocarbons in catalytic cracking gasolines in Proceedings of All-Union Research Institute on Oil Processes. Vol.18, All-Union Research Institute on Oil Processes, Moscow, 1976, 30-53. [all data]

Matukuma, 1969
Matukuma, A., Retention indices of alkanes through C₁₀ and alkenes through C₈ and relation between boiling points and retention data, Gas Chromatogr., Int. Symp. Anal. Instrum. Div Instrum Soc. Amer., 1969, 7, 55-75. [all data]

Hively and Hinton, 1968
Hively, R.A.; Hinton, R.E., Variation of the retention index with temperature on squalane substrates, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1968, 6, 4, 203-217, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/6.4.203 . [all data]

Widmer, 1967
Widmer, H., Gas chromatographic identification of hydrocarbons using retention indices, J. Gas Chromatogr., 1967, 5, 10, 506-510, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/5.10.506 . [all data]

Zulaïca and Guiochon, 1966
Zulaïca, J.; Guiochon, G., Analyse des hauts polymères par chromatographie en phase gazeuse de leurs produits de pyrolyse. II. Application à quelques hydrocarbures macromoléculaires purs, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1966, 4, 1351-1363. [all data]

Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997
Haagen-Smit Laboratory, Procedure for the detailed hydrocarbon analysis of gasolines by single column high efficiency (capillary) column gas chromatography, SOP NO. MLD 118, Revision No. 1.1, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, El Monte, California, 1997, 22. [all data]

Hoekman, 1993
Hoekman, S.K., Improved gas chromatography procedure for speciated hydrocarbon measurements of vehicle emissions, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 639, 2, 239-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80260-F . [all data]

White, Douglas, et al., 1992
White, C.M.; Douglas, L.J.; Hackett, J.P.; Anderson, R.R., Characterization of synthetic gasoline from the chloromethane-zeolite reaction, Energy Fuels, 1992, 6, 1, 76-82, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00031a012 . [all data]

White, Hackett, et al., 1992
White, C.M.; Hackett, J.; Anderson, R.R.; Kail, S.; Spock, P.S., Linear temperature programmed retention indices of gasoline range hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 2, 105-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150211 . [all data]

Zaikin and Borisov, 2002
Zaikin, V.G.; Borisov, R.S., Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of Fishcer-Tropsch synthesis products, J. Anal. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 2002, 57, 6, 544-551. [all data]

Li and Deng, 1998
Li, H.; Deng, C., Qualitative analysis of light components of gasoline cracking using Kovats retention indices, J. Instrumental Analysis, 1998, 17, 1, 67-69. [all data]

Huguet, 1961
Huguet, M., Kovats retention indices in the qualitative analysis of light hydrocarbons by gas chromatography, Journees internationales d'etude des methodes de separation immediate et de chromatographie, 1961, 69. [all data]

Bramston-Cook, 2013
Bramston-Cook, R., Kovats indices for C2-C13 hydrocarbons and selected oxygenated/halocarbons with 100 % dimethylpolysiloxane columns, 2013, retrieved from http://lotusinstruments.com/monographs/List .... [all data]

Supelco, 2012
Supelco, CatalogNo. 24160-U, Petrocol DH Columns. Catalog No. 24160-U, 2012, retrieved from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Supelco/Datasheet/1/w97949.Par.0001.File.tmp/w97949.pdf. [all data]

Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009
Zhang, X.; Ding, L.; Sun, Z.; Song, L.; Sun, T., Study on quantitative structure-retention relationships for hydrocarbons in FCC gasoline, Chromatographia, 2009, 70, 3/4, 511-518, https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1174-0 . [all data]

Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996
Chupalov, A.A.; Zenkevich, I.G., Chromatographic Characterization of Structural Transformations of Organic Compounds in Diels-Alder Reaction. Aliphatic Dienes and Dienophyls, Zh. Org. Khim., 1996, 32, 6, 675-684. [all data]

Guan, Li, et al., 1995
Guan, Y.; Li, L.; Zhou, L., Live retention database for compound identification in capillary gas chromatography, Chin. J. Chromatogr., 1995, 13, 5, 851-857. [all data]

Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992
Ciccioli, P.; Cecinato, A.; Brancaleoni, E.; Frattoni, M.; Liberti, A., Use of carbon adsorption traps combined with high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the analysis of polar and non-polar C₄-C₁₄ hydrocarbons involved in photochemical smog formation, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1992, 15, 2, 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240150205 . [all data]

Junkes, Castanho, et al., 2003
Junkes, B.S.; Castanho, R.D.M.; Amboni, C.; Yunes, R.A.; Heinzen, V.E.F., Semiempirical Topological Index: A Novel Molecular Descriptor for Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship Studies, Internet Electronic Journal of Molecular Design, 2003, 2, 1, 33-49. [all data]

Perkin Elmer Instruments, 2002
Perkin Elmer Instruments, Detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHAX) Model 4015, 2002, retrieved from http://www.perkinelmer.com/instruments. [all data]

Spieksma, 1999
Spieksma, W., Determination of vapor liquid equilibrium from the Kovats retention index on dimethylsilicone using the Wilson mixing tool, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1999, 22, 10, 565-588, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19991001)22:10<565::AID-JHRC565>3.0.CO;2-2 . [all data]

Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996
Zenkevich, I.G.; Chupalov, A.A.; Herzschuh, R., Correlation of the Increments of Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices with the Differences of Innermolecular Energies of Reagents and Products of Chemical Reactions, Zh. Org. Khim. (Rus.), 1996, 32, 11, 1685-1691. [all data]

Robinson and Odell, 1971
Robinson, P.G.; Odell, A.L., A system of standard retention indices and its uses. The characterisation of stationary phases and the prediction of retention indices, J. Chromatogr., 1971, 57, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(71)80001-8 . [all data]

Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

P_c	Critical pressure
T_boil	Boiling point
T_c	Critical temperature
T_fus	Fusion (melting) point
T_triple	Triple point temperature
V_c	Critical volume
Δ_fusH	Enthalpy of fusion
Δ_fusS	Entropy of fusion
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
Δ_vapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
Δ_vapS	Entropy of vaporization
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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