Phenol, 2,6-dimethyl-

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Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

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on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW-1844
NIST MS number 228776

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Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryZB-5120.1115.77Lebrón-Aguilar, Eduardo Quintanilla-López, et al., 200260. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
CapillarySPB-1100.1080.49Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 200030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
CapillaryDB-1100.1081.07Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 200030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
CapillaryZB-1100.1081.55Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 200030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
CapillaryBP-1100.1082.02Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 200030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
CapillarySE-30100.1079.Berezkin, Popova, et al., 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He
CapillarySE-30100.1083.07Malyukova, Berezkin, et al., 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He
CapillarySE-30100.1087.9Malyukova, Berezkin, et al., 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, SF6
CapillaryOV-1150.1097.Zhang, Chen, et al., 199725. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2
CapillaryOV-1150.1100.Zhang, Chen, et al., 199725. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2
CapillaryOV-1150.1100.Zhang, Chen, et al., 199725. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2
CapillarySE-33120.1090.Juvancz, Cserháti, et al., 199410. m/0.20 mm/0.15 μm, H2
CapillaryHP-1100.1096.Zhang, Li, et al., 1992N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
CapillaryHP-1100.1096.Zhang, Li, et al., 1992N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
CapillaryOV-101110.1084.1Farkas, Sojak, et al., 198914. m/0.325 mm/0.305 μm, H2
CapillaryPS-255150.1096.Engewald, Billing, et al., 198850. m/0.30 mm/0.25 μm
PackedSE-30150.1100.Tiess, 1984Ar, Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m
PackedMethyl Silicone150.1138.Radecki, Grzybowski, et al., 1979 

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
PackedSE-301098.Grzybowski, Lamparczyk, et al., 1980Chromosorb W HMDS (80-100 mesh); Column length: 2.9 m; Program: not specified

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-51102.3Song, Lai, et al., 200330. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-51104.6Song, Lai, et al., 200330. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-51105.5Song, Lai, et al., 200330. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 6. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryOV-11080.5Gautzsch and Zinn, 19968. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryDB-11080.Coen, Engel, et al., 199530. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 3. K/min; Tstart: 150. C; Tend: 280. C
CapillaryDB-51102.3Lai and Song, 199530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-51104.6Lai and Song, 199530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-51105.5Lai and Song, 199530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 6. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 310. C
CapillaryDB-51108.Rostad and Pereira, 198630. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min
CapillaryOV-11082.12Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 198335. C @ 5. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Tend: 280. C
CapillaryOV-11077.41Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 198335. C @ 5. min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.31 mm; Tend: 280. C
CapillaryOV-11078.Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 198224. m/0.3 mm/1.1 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 250. C
CapillaryOV-11078.41Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 198230. m/0.3 mm/1.1 μm, 35. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 250. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5MS1130.Varlet, Serot, et al., 200730. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 70C => 5C/min => 85C(1min) => 3C/min => 165C => 10C/min => 280C(3min)
CapillaryHP-51117.Künzel, Breuer, et al., 2006Program: not specified
CapillaryVF-5MS1114.2Mjøs, Meier, et al., 200650. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(2min) => 30C/min => 100C => 1C/min =>
CapillaryVF-5MS1114.9Mjøs, Meier, et al., 200650. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(2min) => 30C/min => 100C => 2C/min =>
CapillaryVF-5MS1117.2Mjøs, Meier, et al., 200650. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(2min) => 30C/min => 100C => 4C/min =>
CapillaryDB-5MS1130.Varlet V., Knockaert C., et al., 200630. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He; Program: 70C(1min) => 3C/min => 80C(1min) => 5C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 280C (4min)

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySupelcowax-101917.Chung, Yung, et al., 200160. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
CapillaryDB-Wax1918.Coen, Engel, et al., 199530. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 230. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillarySE-30120.1090.Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 199875. m/0.14 mm/0.30 μm, He

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryTR-11080.Gruzdev, Kuzivanov, et al., 201230. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryTR-11079.Gruzdev, Kuzivanov, et al., 2012, 230. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 300. C
CapillaryVF-5 MS1105.Souza, Re-Poppi, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 60. C @ 1. min, 6. K/min, 280. C @ 3. min
CapillaryDB-51128.Czerny, Brueckner, et al., 201130. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
CapillaryBP-11093.Health Safety Executive, 200050. m/0.22 mm/0.75 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C
CapillaryDB-51106.31Kim, Kim, et al., 199330. m/0.25 mm/0.241 μm, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 160. C
CapillaryUltra-11076.Okumura, 199125. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 260. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillarySE-301087.Vinogradov, 2004Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-51108.Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-51111.Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-51112.Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-51112.Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-51112.Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001Program: not specified
CapillarySE-301098.Peterson, 1992Program: not specified
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane, unknown content of Ph-groups1105.Geldon, 1989Program: not specified
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxane, unknown content of Ph-groups1108.Geldon, 1989Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-11079.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1078.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1079.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-FFAP1894.Czerny, Brueckner, et al., 201130. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 40. C @ 2. min, 8. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax1889.Peng, Yang, et al., 1991Program: not specified

Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5184.51Williams and Horne, 1995He, 60. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm; Tend: 270. C
CapillaryDB-5182.3Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 199330. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 285. C @ 29.5 min
CapillaryDB-5184.08Rostad and Pereira, 198630. m/0.26 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 6. K/min, 300. C @ 20. min

Lee's RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryMethyl Silicone184.08Eckel, Ross, et al., 1993Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone184.51Eckel, Ross, et al., 1993Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Lebrón-Aguilar, Eduardo Quintanilla-López, et al., 2002
Lebrón-Aguilar, R.; Eduardo Quintanilla-López, J.; Antonio García-Domínguez, J., Improving the accuracy of Kováts' retention indices in isothermal gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 945, 1-2, 185-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01463-7 . [all data]

Berezkin, Korolev, et al., 2000
Berezkin, V.G.; Korolev, A.A.; Malyukova, I.V., A comparative analysis of retention values obtained on fused silica capillary columns from various manufacturers, Analusis, 2000, 28, 2, 132-135, https://doi.org/10.1051/analusis:2000105 . [all data]

Berezkin, Popova, et al., 1997
Berezkin, V.G.; Popova, T.P.; Shiryayeva, V.Ye.; Nomura, N., Gas-chromatographic separation of monoalkylphenols on polar and non-polar phases by means of capillary chromatography, Pet. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 1997, 37, 2, 161-167. [all data]

Malyukova, Berezkin, et al., 1997
Malyukova, I.V.; Berezkin, V.G.; Kramers, K.; Jansen, H.G., Capillary chromatrography of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Use of sulphur hexafluoride as the carrier gas, Pet. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 1997, 37, 3, 265-272. [all data]

Zhang, Chen, et al., 1997
Zhang, M.; Chen, B.; Shen, S.; Chen, S., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by g.c.-FT-i.r. analysis of middle oil fractions, Fuel, 1997, 76, 5, 415-423, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)85518-4 . [all data]

Juvancz, Cserháti, et al., 1994
Juvancz, Z.; Cserháti, T.; Markides, K.E.; Bradshaw, J.S.; Lee, M.L., Characterization of some new polysiloxane stationary phases by principal component analysis, Chromatographia, 1994, 38, 3/4, 227-231, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02290341 . [all data]

Zhang, Li, et al., 1992
Zhang, M.J.; Li, S.D.; Chen, B.J., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by GC/FTIR analysis of light oil fractions, Chromatographia, 1992, 33, 3/4, 138-146, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275894 . [all data]

Farkas, Sojak, et al., 1989
Farkas, P.; Sojak, L.; Kovac, M.; Janak, J., Interface Adsorption and Reproducibility of Retention Indices in Glass Capillary Columns with Dimethylpolysiloxane Stationary Phases Cross-Linked by γ-Irradiation, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 471, 251-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94173-6 . [all data]

Engewald, Billing, et al., 1988
Engewald, W.; Billing, U.; Topalova, I.; Petsev, N., Structure-retention correlations of alkylphenols in gas-liquid and gas-solid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 446, 71-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94419-4 . [all data]

Tiess, 1984
Tiess, D., Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30, Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 1984, 33, 6-9. [all data]

Radecki, Grzybowski, et al., 1979
Radecki, A.; Grzybowski, J.; Lamparczyk, H.; Nasal, A., Relationships between retention indices and substituent constants of phenols on polar stationary phases, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1979, 2, 9, 581-582, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240020911 . [all data]

Grzybowski, Lamparczyk, et al., 1980
Grzybowski, J.; Lamparczyk, H.; Nasal, A.; Radecki, A., Relationship between the retention indices of phenols on polar and non-polar stationary phases, J. Chromatogr., 1980, 196, 2, 217-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80441-0 . [all data]

Song, Lai, et al., 2003
Song, C.; Lai, W.-C.; Madhusudan Reddy, K.; Wei, B., Chapter 7. Temperature-programmed retention indices for GC and GC-MS of hydrocarbon fuels and simulated distillation GC of heavy oils in Analytical advances for hydrocarbon research, Hsu,C.S., ed(s)., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003, 147-193. [all data]

Gautzsch and Zinn, 1996
Gautzsch, R.; Zinn, P., Use of incremental models to estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds, Chromatographia, 1996, 43, 3/4, 163-176, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02292946 . [all data]

Coen, Engel, et al., 1995
Coen, M.; Engel, R.; Nahrstedt, A., Chavicol β-D-glucoside, a phenylpropanoid heteroside, benzyl-β-D-glucoside and glycosidically bound volatiles from subspecies of Cedronella canariensis, Phytochemistry, 1995, 40, 1, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00241-X . [all data]

Lai and Song, 1995
Lai, W.-C.; Song, C., Temperature-programmed retention indices for g.c. and g.c.-m.s. analysis of coal- and petroleum-derived liquid fuels, Fuel, 1995, 74, 10, 1436-1451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00108-H . [all data]

Rostad and Pereira, 1986
Rostad, C.E.; Pereira, W.E., Kovats and Lee retention indices determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organic compounds of environmental interest, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Comm., 1986, 9, 6, 328-334, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090603 . [all data]

Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1983
Knoppel, H.; de Bortoli, M.; Peil, A.; Vissers, H., Reproducibility of Temperature-Programmed Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices with Non-Polar Glass Capillary Columns, J. Chromatogr., 1983, 279, 483-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93649-0 . [all data]

Knoppel, de Bortoli, et al., 1982
Knoppel, H.; de Bortoli, M.; Peil, A.; Schauenburg, H.; Vissers, H., The determination of linear PTGC retention indices for use in environmental organics analysis, Comm. Eur. Communities, Rep. EUR, 1982, 99-109. [all data]

Varlet, Serot, et al., 2007
Varlet, V.; Serot, T.; Cardinal, M.; Knockaert, C.; Prost, C., Olfactometric Determination of the Most Potent Odor-Active Compounds in Salmon Muscle (Salmo salar) Smoked by Using Four Smoke Generation Techniques, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 11, 4518-4525, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf063468f . [all data]

Künzel, Breuer, et al., 2006
Künzel, H.; Breuer, K.; Mayer, F.; Sedlbauer, K., Luftqualität und Zufriedenheit - Verbesserung von Innenraumluftqualität und Nutzerzufriedenheit durch Materialgeruchsverbesserung, WKSB : Zeitschrift fur Warmeschutz, Kalteschutz, Schallschutz, Brandschutz, 2006, 57, 49-57. [all data]

Mjøs, Meier, et al., 2006
Mjøs, S.A.; Meier, S.; Boitsov, S., Alkylphenol retention indices, J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1123, 1, 98-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.002 . [all data]

Varlet V., Knockaert C., et al., 2006
Varlet V.; Knockaert C.; Prost C.; Serot T., Comparison of odor-active volatile compounds of fresh and smoked salmon, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 9, 3391-3401, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf053001p . [all data]

Chung, Yung, et al., 2001
Chung, H.Y.; Yung, I.K.S.; Kim, J.-S., Comparison of volatile components in dried scallops (Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis) prepared by boiling and steaming methods, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 1, 192-202, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000692a . [all data]

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Berezkin, V.G.; Korolev, A.A.; Malyukova, I.V., Dependence of the relative retention of compounds on the average pressure of helium as a carrier gas in capillary GLC, Russ. Chem. Bull. (Engl. Transl.), 1998, 47, 2, 307-309, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02498955 . [all data]

Gruzdev, Kuzivanov, et al., 2012
Gruzdev, I.V.; Kuzivanov, I.M.; Zenkevich, I.G.; Kondratenok, B.M., Gas-chromatographic identification of products formed in iodination of methyl phenols by retention indices, Rus. J. Appl. Chem., 2012, 85, 9, 1355-1365, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427212090108 . [all data]

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Gruzdev, I.V.; Kuzivanov, I.M.; Zenkevich, I.G.; Kondratenok, B.M., Gas chromatographic determination of methylsubstituted phenols in aqueous media with preliminary iodination, Rus. J. Anal. Chem., 2012, 68, 2, 175-183. [all data]

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Souza, J.B.G.; Re-Poppi, N.; Raposo, J.L.(Jr)., Characterization of pyroligneous acid used in agriculture by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (in press), J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2012, 00, 00, 1-8. [all data]

Czerny, Brueckner, et al., 2011
Czerny, M.; Brueckner, R.; Kirchoff, E.; Schmitt, R.; Buettner, A., The influence of molecular structure on odor qualities and odor detection thresholds of volatile alkylated phenols, Chem. Senses, 2011, 1-15, retrieved from http://chemie.oxfordjournals.org. [all data]

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Kim, K.-R.; Kim, J.-H.; Park, H.-K.; Oh, C.-H., Dual capillary column system for the qualitative gas chromatography: 2. Comparison between splitless and on-column injection modes, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 1993, 14, 2, 250-255. [all data]

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Okumura, T., retention indices of environmental chemicals on methyl silicone capillary column, Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Japan), 1991, 1, 2, 333-358, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.1.333 . [all data]

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Vinogradov, B.A., Production, composition, properties and application of essential oils, 2004, retrieved from http://viness.narod.ru. [all data]

Soderstrom, White, et al., 2001
Soderstrom, M.; White, E.; Abis, L.; Sliwakowski, M., Summary report of the eight meeting of the validation group for the updating of the central OPCW analytical database, 28-29 November 2000, CS-2001-2242, Verification Division S/239/2001, 2001, 14. [all data]

Peterson, 1992
Peterson, K.L., Counter-Propagation Neural Networks in the Modeling and Prediction of Kovats Indices for Substituted Phenols, Anal. Chem., 1992, 64, 4, 379-386, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00028a011 . [all data]

Geldon, 1989
Geldon, A.L., Ground Water Hydrology of the Central Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, US Geological Survey, US Government Printing Office, 1989, 104. [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]

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Peng, C.T.; Yang, Z.C.; Ding, S.F., Prediction of rentention idexes. II. Structure-retention index relationship on polar columns, J. Chromatogr., 1991, 586, 1, 85-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(91)80028-F . [all data]

Williams and Horne, 1995
Williams, P.T.; Horne, P.A., Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oil derived from biomass, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 1995, 31, 15-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(94)00814-H . [all data]

Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 1993
Donnelly, J.R.; Abdel-Hamid, M.S.; Jeter, J.L.; Gurka, D.F., Application of gas chromatographic retention properties to the identification of environmental contaminants, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 1-2, 409-415, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80106-I . [all data]

Eckel, Ross, et al., 1993
Eckel, W.P.; Ross, B.; Isensee, R.K., Pentobarbital found in ground water, Ground Water, 1993, 31, 5, 801-804, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00853.x . [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References