2,3-Butanedione

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Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase DB-WaxDB-WaxSOLGel-WaxCP-Wax 52 CBHP-Innowax
Column length (m) 30.30.30. 60.
Carrier gas HeliumHeliumHelium Helium
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.250.250.25 0.25
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.25 0.25
Program not specifiednot specified40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 140 0C 10 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min)not specified40 0C (2 min) 3 0C/min -> 150 0C 5 0C/min -> 220 0C (5 min)
I 1000.975.965.987.987.
ReferenceWelke, Manfroi, et al., 2012Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011Povolo, Cabassi, et al., 2011Xiao, Dai, et al., 2011
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase DB-WaxDB-WaxDB-WaxSupelcowax-10Supelcowax 10
Column length (m) 30.30.30.50.50.
Carrier gas Hydrogen HeliumHeliumHelium
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.320.250.250.25
Phase thickness (μm) 0.500.500.250.250.25
Program 40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 100 0C 6 0C/min -> 220 0C (20 min)40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 100 0C 6 0C/min -> 220 0C (40 min)not specified45 0C (15 min) 3 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)45 0C (15 min) 3 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)
I 957.957.960.975.975.
ReferenceSan-Juan, Petka, et al., 2010Ferreira, Juan, et al., 2009Rochat, Egger, et al., 2009Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2009Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2008
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase Supelcowax 10Supelcowax-10Supelcowax-10DB-FFAPDB-FFAP
Column length (m) 50.30.30.30.30.
Carrier gas HeliumHeHe  
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.250.250.250.320.32
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.250.250.25
Program 45 0C (15 min) 3 0C/min -> 75 0C 5 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)35C(8min) => 6C/min => 60C => 4C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)35C(8min) => 6C/min => 60C => 4C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min)40C(2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 230C(10min)40C(2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 230C(10min)
I 975.986.988.981.970.
ReferenceSoria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2008Berard, Bianchi, et al., 2007Berard, Bianchi, et al., 2007Buettner, 2007Buettner, 2007
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase HP-FFAPDB-WaxDB-WaxDB-FFAPDB-Wax Etr
Column length (m) 30.30.30.30.60.
Carrier gas  HydrogenHydrogen He
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.250.250.320.25
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.250.250.5
Program 35 0C (10 min) 10 0C/min -> 150 0C 20 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min)44 0C 3 0C/min -> 170 0C 8 0C/min -> 250 0Cnot specified35C(2min) => 40C/min => 50C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 10C/min => 230C(10min)40C(3min) => 10C/min => 90C => 2C/min => 230C (37min)
I 991.979.963.993.995.
ReferenceCarrapiso and Garsia, 2007Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007Lasekan, Buettner, et al., 2007Loskos, Hernandez-Orte, et al., 2007
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase DB-WaxHP-InnowaxHP-InnowaxSupelcowax-10CP-Wax 58CB
Column length (m) 30.60.60.60.25.
Carrier gas HeHeliumHeliumHeHelium
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.250.320.320.320.32
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.250.250.20
Program 50 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 150 0C 8 0C/min -> 230 0C (15 min)40 0C (5 min) 4 0C/min -> 60 0C (5 min) 8 0C/min -> 250 0C (3 min)not specified35C(3min) => 5C/min => 110C => 10C/min => 240C (10min)40 0C (2 min) 40 0C/min -> 60 0C (1 min) 6 0C/min -> 180 0C 10 0C/min -> 240 0C (5 min)
I 941.977.976.935.966.
ReferenceTian, Zhang, et al., 2007Viegas and Bassoli, 2007Viegas and Bassoli, 2007Kourkoutas, Kandylis, et al., 2006Tokitomo, Steihaus, et al., 2005
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase DB-FFAPDB-FFAPDB-FFAPFFAPCarbowax 20M
Column length (m) 30.30.30.30. 
Carrier gas HeHeHeHe 
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.320.320.32 
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.250.25 
Program 40C (2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 230C(10min)40C(2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 230C (10min)40C(2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 15C/min => 230C (10min)35C(1min) => 60C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 230Cnot specified
I 970.970.981.984.963.
ReferenceBuettner and Welle, 2004Buettner, 2004Buettner, 2004Didzbalis, Ritter, et al., 2004Vinogradov, 2004
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase Supelcowax-10CP-WAX 57CBDB-WaxDB-WaxDB-FFAP
Column length (m) 60.50. 60.30.
Carrier gas  He HeH2
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.250.25 0.320.3
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.2 0.50.25
Program not specified40C(10min) => 5C/min => 100C => 3C/min => 180C => 20C/min => 210C (10min)not specified35C(4min) => 2C/min => 130C => 4C/min => 250C35C (1min) => 40C/min => 60C (5min) => 4C/min => 220C
I 985.980.979.970.968.
ReferenceBaek and Cadwallader, 2003Martí, Mestres, et al., 2003Peterson and Reineccius, 2003Qian and Reineccius, 2003Triqui and Bouchriti, 2003
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase FFAPFFAPFFAPDB-FFAPDB-FFAP
Column length (m) 30.30.25.30.30.
Carrier gas HeliumHeliumHe  
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.320.320.320.32
Phase thickness (μm) 0.250.250.250.250.25
Program 50 0C (2 min) 6 0C/min -> 180 0C 10 0C/min -> 180 0C (10 min)50 0C (2 min) 6 oC/min -> 180 0C 10 0C/min -> 240 0C (10 min)35C(2min) => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 6C/min => 230C35C (1min) => 40C/min => 60C (1min) => 6C/min => 250C (10min)35C (1min) => 40C/min => 60C (1min) => 6C/min => 250C (10min)
I 990.990.976.967.967.
ReferenceBel Rhild, Fleury, et al., 2002Bel Rhild, Fleury, et al., 2002, 2Zehentbauer and Grosch, 1998Guth, 1997Guth, 1997
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase DB-FFAPFFAPFFAPCP-Wax 52CBCP-Wax 52CB
Column length (m) 30.30.30.50.50.
Carrier gas HeHeHe  
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.320.320.320.32
Phase thickness (μm)  0.250.251.51.5
Program 35C => 40C/min => 60C (1min) => 6C/min => 250C35C (2min) => 40C/min => 60C (2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 10C/min => 240C35C (2min) => 40C/min => 60C (2min) => 6C/min => 180C => 10C/min => 240C40C => 2C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 250C40C => 2C/min => 150C => 10C/min => 250C
I 981.984.984.962.962.
ReferenceLizárraga-Guerra, Guth, et al., 1997Schermann and Schieberle, 1997Schermann and Schieberle, 1997Luning, de Rijk, et al., 1994Luning, de Rijk, et al., 1994
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillaryCapillary
Active phase Supelcowax-10FFAPDB-WaxFFAPCarbowax 20M
Column length (m) 30. 30.  
Carrier gas He He  
Substrate      
Column diameter (mm) 0.32 0.25  
Phase thickness (μm)   0.5  
Program 35C => 40C/min => 60C(2min) => 4C/min => 240Cnot specified35C => 40C/min => 50C(2min) => 6C/min => 200Cnot specifiednot specified
I 980.967.980.990.963.
ReferenceSchieberle and Grosch, 1994Guth and Grosch, 1993Milo and Grosch, 1993Blank, Sen, et al., 1992Shibamoto, 1987
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI MSDC-RI
Column type CapillaryCapillary
Active phase Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc.
Column length (m) 50.50.
Carrier gas HydrogenHydrogen
Substrate   
Column diameter (mm) 0.320.32
Phase thickness (μm)   
Program not specifiednot specified
I 949.972.
ReferenceWaggott and Davies, 1984Waggott and Davies, 1984
Comment MSDC-RI MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012
Welke, J.E.; Manfroi, V.; Zanus, M.; Lazarotto, M.; Zini, C.A., Characterization of the volatile profile of Brazilian merlot wines through comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 2012, 1226, 124-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.002 . [all data]

Johanningsmeier and McFeeters, 2011
Johanningsmeier, S.D.; McFeeters, R.F., Detection of volatile spoilage metabolites in fermented cucumbers using nontargeted, comprehensive 2-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGCxTOFMS), J. Food Sci., 2011, 76, 1, c168-c177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01918.x . [all data]

Povolo, Cabassi, et al., 2011
Povolo, M.; Cabassi, G.; Profaizer, M.; Lanteri, S., Study on the use of evolved gas analysis FT-IR (EGA FT-IR) for the evaluation of cheese volatile fraction, The Open Food Sci. J., 2011, 5, 1, 10-16, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874256401105010010 . [all data]

Xiao, Dai, et al., 2011
Xiao, Z.; Dai, S.; Niu, Y.; Yu, H.; Zhu, J.; Tian, H.; Gu, Y., Discrimination of Chinese vinegars based on headspace solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatography mass spectrometry of volatile compounds and multivariate analysis, J. Food Sci., 2011, 76, 8, c1125-c1135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02356.x . [all data]

San-Juan, Petka, et al., 2010
San-Juan, F.; Petka, J.; Cacho, J.; Ferreira, V.; Escudero, A., Producing headspace extracts for the gas chromatography - olphactometric evaluation of wine aroma, Food Chemistry, 2010, 123, 1, 188-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.129 . [all data]

Ferreira, Juan, et al., 2009
Ferreira, V.; Juan, F.S.; Escudero, A.; Cullere, L.; Fernandez-Zurbano, P.; Saenz-Navajas, M.P.; Cacho, J., Modeling quality of premium Spanish red wines from gas chromatography-olfactometry data, J. Agr. Food. Chem., 2009, 57, 16, 7490-7498, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9006483 . [all data]

Rochat, Egger, et al., 2009
Rochat, S.; Egger, J.; Chaintreau, A., Strategy for the identification of key odorants: application to shrimp aroma, J. Chromatogr. A, 2009, 1216, 36, 6424-6432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.014 . [all data]

Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2009
Soria, A.C.; Martinez-Castro, I.; Sanz, J., Study of the precision in the purge-and-trap-gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry analysis of volatile compounds in honey, J. Chromatogr. A., 2009, 1216, 15, 3300-3304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.065 . [all data]

Soria, Martinez-Castro, et al., 2008
Soria, A.C.; Martinez-Castro, I.; Sanz, J., Some aspects of dynamic headspace analysis of volatile components in honey, Foog Res. International, 2008, 41, 8, 838-848, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2008.07.010 . [all data]

Berard, Bianchi, et al., 2007
Berard, J.; Bianchi, F.; Careri, M.; Chatel, A.; Mangia, A.; Musci, M., Characterization of the volatile fraction and of free fatty acids of Fontina Valle d'Aosta, a protected designation of origin Italian cheese, Food Chem., 2007, 105, 1, 293-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.041 . [all data]

Buettner, 2007
Buettner, A., A selective and sensitive approach to characterize odour-active and volatile constituents in small-scale human milk samples, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 6, 465-473, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1822 . [all data]

Carrapiso and Garsia, 2007
Carrapiso, A.I.; Garsia, C., Effect of sampling conditions on the odour-active compounds of iberian ham, Cienc. Technol. Aliment., 2007, 5, 4, 287-290, https://doi.org/10.1080/11358120709487703 . [all data]

Gonzalez-Rios, Suarez-Quiroz, et al., 2007
Gonzalez-Rios, O.; Suarez-Quiroz, M.L.; Boulanger, R.; Barel, M.; Guyot, B.; Guiraud, J.-P.; Schorr-Galindo, S., Impact of ecological post-harvest processing of coffee aroma: II Roasted coffee., J. Food Composition Analysis, 2007, 20, 3-4, 297-307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.12.004 . [all data]

Lasekan, Buettner, et al., 2007
Lasekan, O.; Buettner, A.; Christlbauer, M., Investigation of important odorants of palm wine (Elaeis guineensis), Food Chem., 2007, 105, 1, 15-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.052 . [all data]

Loskos, Hernandez-Orte, et al., 2007
Loskos, N.; Hernandez-Orte, P.; Cacho, J.; Ferreira, V., Release and formation of varietal aroma compounds during alcoholic fermentation from nonfloral grape odorless flavor precursors fractions, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 16, 6674-6684, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0702343 . [all data]

Tian, Zhang, et al., 2007
Tian, Y.; Zhang, X.; Huang, T.; Zou, K.; Zhou, J., Research advances on the essential oils from leaves of Eucalyptus, Food Fermentation Ind. (Chinese), 2007, 33, 10, 143-147. [all data]

Viegas and Bassoli, 2007
Viegas, M.C.; Bassoli, D.G., Utilizacao do indice de retencao linear para caracterizacao de compostos volateis em cafe soluvel utilizando GC-MS e coluna HP-Innowax, Quim. Nova, 2007, 30, 8, 2031-2034, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000800040 . [all data]

Kourkoutas, Kandylis, et al., 2006
Kourkoutas, Y.; Kandylis, P.; Panas, P.; Dooley, J.S.G.; Nigam, P.; Koutinas, A.A., Evaluation of freeze-dried kefir coculture as starter in feta-type cheese production, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2006, 72, 9, 6124-6135, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03078-05 . [all data]

Tokitomo, Steihaus, et al., 2005
Tokitomo, Y.; Steihaus, M.; Buttner, A.; Schieberle, P., Odor-Active Constituents in Fresh Pineapple (ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) by Quamtitative and Sensory Evaluations, Biosci. Biotechnol, Biochem,, 2005, 69, 7, 1323-1330, https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1323 . [all data]

Buettner and Welle, 2004
Buettner, A.; Welle, F., Intra-oral detection of potent odorants using a modified stir-bar sorptive extraction system in combination with HRGC-O, known as the buccal odour screening system (BOSS), Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 6, 505-514, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1473 . [all data]

Buettner, 2004
Buettner, A., Investigation of potent odorants and afterodor development in two chardonnay wines using the Buccal Odor Screening System (BOSS), J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 8, 2339-2346, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf035322b . [all data]

Didzbalis, Ritter, et al., 2004
Didzbalis, J.; Ritter, K.A.; Trail, A.C.; Plog, F.J., Identification of fruity/fermented odorants in high-temperature-cured roasted peanuts, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 15, 4828-4833, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0355250 . [all data]

Vinogradov, 2004
Vinogradov, B.A., Production, composition, properties and application of essential oils, 2004, retrieved from http://viness.narod.ru. [all data]

Baek and Cadwallader, 2003
Baek, H.H.; Cadwallader, K.R., Gas chromatographic/olfactometric evaluation of flavor extracts produced from crawfish processing by-products, 2003, retrieved from http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/source/flsgpw95001/flsgpw95001part5.pdf. [all data]

Martí, Mestres, et al., 2003
Martí, M.P.; Mestres, M.; Sala, C.; Busto, O.; Guasch, J., Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography olfactometry analysis of successively diluted samples. A new approach of the aroma extract dilution analysis applied to the characterization of wine aroma, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 27, 7861-7865, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0345604 . [all data]

Peterson and Reineccius, 2003
Peterson, D.G.; Reineccius, G.A., Determination of the aroma impact compounds in heated sweet cream butter, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 4, 320-324, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1228 . [all data]

Qian and Reineccius, 2003
Qian, M.; Reineccius, G., Potent aroma compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese studied using a dynamic headspace (purge-trap) method, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 3, 252-259, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1194 . [all data]

Triqui and Bouchriti, 2003
Triqui, R.; Bouchriti, N., Freshness assessments of Moroccan sardine (Sardina pilchardus): comparison of overall sensory changes to instrumentally determined volatiles, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 26, 7540-7546, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0348166 . [all data]

Bel Rhild, Fleury, et al., 2002
Bel Rhild, R.; Fleury, Y.; Devaud, S.; Fay, L.B.; Blank, I.; Juillerat, M.A., Biogeneration of roasted noted based on 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline and the precursor 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole, 2002, retrieved from http://www.imrablank.ch/ACS2002826179.pdf. [all data]

Bel Rhild, Fleury, et al., 2002, 2
Bel Rhild, R.; Fleury, Y.; Blank, I.; Fay, L.B.; Welti, D.H.; Vera F.A.; Juillerat, M.A., Generation of roasted notes based on 2-acetyl-2-thiazolidine and its precursor, 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazoline, by combined bio and thermal approaches, J. Agr. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 8, 2350-2355, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011170d . [all data]

Zehentbauer and Grosch, 1998
Zehentbauer, G.; Grosch, W., Crust aroma of baguettes. I. Key odorants of baguettes prepared in two different ways, J. Cereal Science, 1998, 28, 1, 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1998.0184 . [all data]

Guth, 1997
Guth, H., Identification of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 8, 3022-3026, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9608433 . [all data]

Lizárraga-Guerra, Guth, et al., 1997
Lizárraga-Guerra, R.; Guth, H.; López, M.G., Identification of the most potent odorants in huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis) and austern pilzen (Pleurotus sp.) by aroma extract dilution analysis and static head-space samples, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 4, 1329-1332, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960650f . [all data]

Schermann and Schieberle, 1997
Schermann, P.; Schieberle, P., Evaluation of key odorants in milk chocolate and cocoa mass by aroma extract dilution analyses, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1997, 45, 3, 867-872, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf960670h . [all data]

Luning, de Rijk, et al., 1994
Luning, P.A.; de Rijk, T.; Wichers, H.J.; Roozen, J.P., Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sniffing port analyses of volatile compounds of fresh bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) at different ripening stages, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1994, 42, 4, 977-983, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00040a027 . [all data]

Schieberle and Grosch, 1994
Schieberle, P.; Grosch, W., Potent odorants of rye bread crust - differences from the crumb and from wheat bread crust, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 1994, 198, 4, 292-296, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01193177 . [all data]

Guth and Grosch, 1993
Guth, H.; Grosch, W., 12-Methyltridecanal, a species-specific odorant of stewed beef, Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 1993, 26, 2, 171-177, https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1993.1035 . [all data]

Milo and Grosch, 1993
Milo, C.; Grosch, W., Changes in the odorants of boiled trout (Salmo fario) as affected by the storage of the raw material, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 11, 2076-2081, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00035a048 . [all data]

Blank, Sen, et al., 1992
Blank, I.; Sen, A.; Grosch, W., Potent odorants of the roasted powder and brew of Arabica coffee, Z. Lebensm. Unters Forsch., 1992, 195, 3, 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202802 . [all data]

Shibamoto, 1987
Shibamoto, T., Retention Indices in Essential Oil Analysis in Capillary Gas Chromatography in Essential Oil Analysis, Sandra, P.; Bicchi, C., ed(s)., Hutchig Verlag, Heidelberg, New York, 1987, 259-274. [all data]

Waggott and Davies, 1984
Waggott, A.; Davies, I.W., Identification of organic pollutants using linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRIs) - Part II, 1984, retrieved from http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/research/completed-research/reports/dwi0383.pdf. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program, References