γ-Elemene

Formula: C₁₅H₂₄
Molecular weight: 204.3511
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C15H24/c1-7-15(6)9-8-13(11(2)3)10-14(15)12(4)5/h7,14H,1,4,8-10H2,2-3,5-6H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: BQSLMQNYHVFRDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 29873-99-2
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Species with the same structure:
- Cyclohexane, 1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-(1-methylethylidene)-
- Elemene isomer
Stereoisomers:
- γ-Elemene
Other names: 1-Methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-(1-methylethylidene)-1-vinylcyclohexane), (1R-trans)-; (-)-γ-Elemene; o-Menth-8-ene, 4-isopropylidene-1-vinyl, (-)-; Elema-1,3,7-triene
Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Gas Chromatography
Options:
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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5MS	DB-5	Methyl Silicone	DB-5	ZB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	He		He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.22	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	80.	60.	50.
T_end (C)	250.	240.	220.	200.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	3.	2.	2.	3.
Initial hold (min)	8.	2.
Final hold (min)	30.		15.	60.
I	1435.	1433.	1425.	1430.	1430.
Reference	Benkaci-Ali, Baaliouamer, et al., 2007	Martins, Santos, et al., 2007	Melo, Corrêa, et al., 2007	Rout, Rao, et al., 2007	Simoniatto, Bonani, et al., 2007
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	HP-5MS	DB-5	HP-5MS	HP-5MS
Column length (m)	60.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	N2	He	N2	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	60.	60.	60.
T_end (C)	250.	280.	240.	280.	300.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	3.	3.	4.	3.
Initial hold (min)			3.	5.
Final hold (min)	10.		5.
I	1432.	1410.	1437.	1441.	1434.
Reference	Sonboli, Azizian, et al., 2007	Basta, Tzakou, et al., 2006	Dob, Dahmane, et al., 2006	Saroglou, Dorizas, et al., 2006	Silva-Brandão, Solferini, et al., 2006
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	MDN-5	DB-1	DB-5	HP-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	25.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	N2	He		N2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	50.	60.	75.	60.
T_end (C)	220.	250.	180.	210.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	3.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)	10.		10.	10.
Final hold (min)			10.	1.
I	1431.	1426.	1437.	1439.	1433.
Reference	Celik, Gokturk, et al., 2005	Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2005	bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005	bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005, 2	Javidnia, Miri, et al., 2005
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5MS	HP-5	DB-5	DB-5	HP-5MS
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	N2	N2	N2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	60.	60.	60.
T_end (C)	280.	220.	240.	240.	280.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	5.	3.	3.	4.
Initial hold (min)		10.			5.
Final hold (min)
I	1429.	1433.	1434.	1434.	1437.
Reference	Aligiannis, Kalpoutzakis, et al., 2004	Bertoli, Pistelli, et al., 2004	Flamini, Cioni, et al., 2004	Flamini, Cioni, et al., 2004	Grujic-Jovanovic, Skaltsa, et al., 2004
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5MS	HP-5	HP-5MS	DB-5	BPX-5
Column length (m)	30.	50.	30.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	N2	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.2	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.2	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	35.	60.	75.	75.
T_end (C)	280.	250.	280.	210.	210.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	3.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)	5.	15.		10.	10.
Final hold (min)		40.		1.	1.
I	1434.	1418.	1410.	1430.	1432.
Reference	Karioti, Hadjipavlou-Litina, et al., 2004	Stashenko, Jaramillo, et al., 2004	Tzakou, Vagias, et al., 2004	bin Ahmad and bin Jantan, 2003	bin Ahmad and bin Jantan, 2003, 2
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	DB-5	HP-5	DB-5	HP-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	N2	N2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	60.	75.	60.
T_end (C)	280.	240.	220.	230.	280.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	5.	3.	4.
Initial hold (min)			10.	10.	5.
Final hold (min)
I	1437.	1433.	1435.	1433.	1433.
Reference	Bougatsos, Meyer, et al., 2003	Flamini, Luigi Cioni, et al., 2003	Flamini, Luigi Cioni, et al., 2003, 2	bin Jantan, Yassin, et al., 2003	Karioti, Skaltsa, et al., 2003
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	MS5	RTX-5	RTX-5	HP-5	SE-30
Column length (m)	25.	30.	30.	30.	25.
Carrier gas		He	He	He	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.20
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	45.	45.	60.	60.
T_end (C)	180.	250.	300.	380.	180.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)		6.	6.		10.
Final hold (min)			10.		1.
I	1428.	1436.	1442.	1425.	1433.
Reference	Shao, Marriott, et al., 2003	Shellie, Marriott, et al., 2003	Mondello, Zappia, et al., 2002	Couladis, Tsortanidou, et al., 2001	bin Jantan, Basni, et al., 2001
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	Mega 5MS	OV-1	Methyl Silicone	DB-5
Column length (m)	60.	30.	25.	25.	60.
Carrier gas	He	He	H2	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.2	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.3	0.3	1.
T_start (C)	40.	40.	50.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	290.	240.	200.	200.	220.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	3.	3.	2.	3.
Initial hold (min)	2.	2.	1.
Final hold (min)	5.		20.
I	1423.	1422.	1478.	1441.	1445.
Reference	Bartley and Jacobs, 2000	Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2000	Bicchi, Fresia, et al., 1997	Píry, Príbela, et al., 1995	Le Quere and Latrasse, 1990
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Benkaci-Ali, Baaliouamer, et al., 2007
Benkaci-Ali, F.; Baaliouamer, A.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chemat, F., Chemical composition of seed essential oils from Algerian Nigella sativa extracted by microwave and hydrodistillation, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 2, 148-153, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1773 . [all data]

Martins, Santos, et al., 2007
Martins, F.T.; Santos, M.H.; Polo, M.; Barbosa, L.C.A., Effects of the interactions among macronutrients, plant age and photoperiod in the composition of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit essential oil from Alfenas (MG), Brazil, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 2, 123-129, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1769 . [all data]

Melo, Corrêa, et al., 2007
Melo, R.M.; Corrêa, V.F.S.; Amorim, A.C.L.; Miranda, A.L.P.; Rezende, C.M., Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Eugenia uniflora L. (Brazilian Pitanga) Leaf Essential Oil, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2007, 18, 1, 179-183, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532007000100020 . [all data]

Rout, Rao, et al., 2007
Rout, P.K.; Rao, Y.R.; Sree., A.; Naik, S.N., Composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute, wax and headspace volatiles of Murrarya paniculata (Linn.) Jack flowers, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 5, 352-357, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1804 . [all data]

Simoniatto, Bonani, et al., 2007
Simoniatto, E.; Bonani, V.F.L.; Morel, A.F.; Poppi, N.R.; Raposo, J.L., Jr.; Stuker, C.Z.; Peruzzo, G.M.; Peres, M.T.L.P.; Hess, S.C., Chemical composition and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Croton urucurana Baillon (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark, J. Braz. Chem., 2007, 18, 5, 879-885, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532007000500002 . [all data]

Sonboli, Azizian, et al., 2007
Sonboli, A.; Azizian, D.; Yousefzadi, M.; Kanani, M.R.; Mehrabian, A.R., Volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Apiaceae) from Iran, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 2, 119-122, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1767 . [all data]

Basta, Tzakou, et al., 2006
Basta, A.; Tzakou, O.; Couladis, M., The essential oil composition of Phlomis cretica C. Presl, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 5, 795-797, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1717 . [all data]

Dob, Dahmane, et al., 2006
Dob, T.; Dahmane, D.; Chelghoum, C., Essential oil composition of Juniperus oxycedrus growing in Algeria, Pharm. Biol., 2006, 44, 1, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200500530922 . [all data]

Saroglou, Dorizas, et al., 2006
Saroglou, V.; Dorizas, N.; Kypriotakis, Z.; Skaltsa, H.D., Analysis of the essential oil composition of eight Anthemis species from Greece, J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1104, 1-2, 313-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.087 . [all data]

Silva-Brandão, Solferini, et al., 2006
Silva-Brandão, K.L.; Solferini, V.N.; Trigo, J.R., Chemical and phylogenetic relationships among Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) from southeastern Brazil, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2006, 34, 4, 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2005.10.011 . [all data]

Celik, Gokturk, et al., 2005
Celik, S.; Gokturk, R.S.; Flamini, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Morelli, I., Essential oils of Phlomis leucophracta, Phlomis chimerae and Phlomis grandiflora var. grandiflora from Turkey, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2005, 33, 6, 617-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2004.11.010 . [all data]

Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2005
Dugo, P.; Mondello, L.; Favoino, O.; Cicero, L.; Rodriguez Zenteno, N.A.; Dugo, G., Characterization of cold-pressed Mexican dancy tangerine oils, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 60-66, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1367 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005
bin Jantan, I.; Yalvema, M.F.; Ahmad, N.W.; Jamal, J.A., Insecticidal activities of the leaf oils of eight Cinnamomum species against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, Pharm. Biol., 2005, 43, 6, 526-532, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200500220771 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005, 2
bin Jantan, I.; Yalvema, M.F.; Ayop, N.; Ahmad, A.S., Constituents of the essential oils of Cinnamomum sintoc Blume from a mountain forest of Peninsular Malaysia, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 6, 601-604, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1495 . [all data]

Javidnia, Miri, et al., 2005
Javidnia, K.; Miri, R.; Kamalinejad, M.; Edraki, N., Chemical composition of Ferula persica Wild. essential oil from Iran, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 6, 605-606, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1496 . [all data]

Aligiannis, Kalpoutzakis, et al., 2004
Aligiannis, N.; Kalpoutzakis, E.; Kyriakopoulou, I.; Mitaku, S.; Chinou, I.B., Essential oils of Phlomis species growing in Greece: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity, Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 4, 320-324, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1305 . [all data]

Bertoli, Pistelli, et al., 2004
Bertoli, A.; Pistelli, L.; Morelli, I.; Fraternale, D.; Giamperi, L.; Ricci, D., Volatile constituents of different parts (roots, stems and leaves) of Smyrnium olusatrum L., Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 6, 522-525, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1382 . [all data]

Flamini, Cioni, et al., 2004
Flamini, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Morelli, I.; Maccioni, S.; Baldini, R., Phytochemical typologies in some populations of Myrtus communis L. on Caprione Promontory (East Liguria, Italy), Food Chem., 2004, 85, 4, 599-604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.005 . [all data]

Grujic-Jovanovic, Skaltsa, et al., 2004
Grujic-Jovanovic, S.; Skaltsa, H.D.; Marin, P.; Sokovic, M., Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of six Stachys species from Serbia, Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 2, 139-144, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1275 . [all data]

Karioti, Hadjipavlou-Litina, et al., 2004
Karioti, A.; Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.; Mensah, M.L.K.; Fleischer, T.C.; Skaltsa, H., Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) leaves, stem bark, root bark, and fresh and dried fruits, growing in Ghana, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 26, 8094-8098, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040150j . [all data]

Stashenko, Jaramillo, et al., 2004
Stashenko, E.E.; Jaramillo, B.E.; Martínez, J.R., Comparison of different extraction methods for the analysis of volatile secondary metabolites of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, grown in Colombia, and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1025, 1, 93-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.058 . [all data]

Tzakou, Vagias, et al., 2004
Tzakou, O.; Vagias, C.; Gani, A.; Yannitsaros, A., Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated at different growth stages from three Conyza species growing in Greece, Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 425-428. [all data]

bin Ahmad and bin Jantan, 2003
bin Ahmad, F.; bin Jantan, I., Chemical constituents of the essential oils of Goniothalamus uvariodes King, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 2, 128-130, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1142 . [all data]

bin Ahmad and bin Jantan, 2003, 2
bin Ahmad, F.; bin Jantan, I., The essential oils of Boesenbergia stenophylla R. M. Sm. as natural sources of methyl (E)-cinnamate, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 6, 485-486, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1227 . [all data]

Bougatsos, Meyer, et al., 2003
Bougatsos, C.; Meyer, J.J.M.; Magiatis, P.; Vagias, C.; Chinou, I.B., Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Helichrysum kraussii Sch. Bip. and H. rugulosum Less. from south Africa, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 1, 48-51, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1152 . [all data]

Flamini, Luigi Cioni, et al., 2003
Flamini, G.; Luigi Cioni, P.; Morelli, I., Volatiles from leaves, fruits, and virgin oil from Olea europaea Cv. Olivastra Seggianese from Italy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 5, 1382-1386, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020854y . [all data]

Flamini, Luigi Cioni, et al., 2003, 2
Flamini, G.; Luigi Cioni, P.; Morelli, I., Short communication. Use of solid-phase micro-extraction as a sampling technique in the determination of volatiles emitted by flowers, isolated flower parts and pollen, J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 998, 1-2, 229-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00641-1 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Yassin, et al., 2003
bin Jantan, I.; Yassin, M.S.M.; Chin, C.B.; Chen, L.L.; Sim. N.L., Antifungal activity of the essential oils of nine Zingiberaceae species, Pharm. Biol., 2003, 41, 5, 392-397, https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.5.392.15941 . [all data]

Karioti, Skaltsa, et al., 2003
Karioti, A.; Skaltsa, H.; Demetzos, C.; Perdetzoglou, D.; Economakis, C.D.; Salem, A.B., Effect of nitrogen concentration of the nutrient solution on the volatile constituents of leaves of Salvia fruticosa Mill. in solution culture, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 22, 6505-6508, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030308k . [all data]

Shao, Marriott, et al., 2003
Shao, Y.; Marriott, P.; Shellie, R.; Hügel, H., Solid-phase micro-extraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of ginger (Zingiber officinale) volatiles, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 1, 5-12, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1133 . [all data]

Shellie, Marriott, et al., 2003
Shellie, R.; Marriott, P.; Zappia, G.; Mondello, L.; Dugo, G., Interactive use of linear retention indices on polar and apolar columns with an MS-Library for reliable characterization of Australian tea tree and other Melaleuca sp. oils, J. Essent. Oil Res., 2003, 15, 5, 305-312, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9698597 . [all data]

Mondello, Zappia, et al., 2002
Mondello, L.; Zappia, G.; Cotroneo, A.; Bonaccorsi, I.; Chowdhury, J.U.; Yusuf, M.; Dugo, G., Studies on the essential oil-bearing plants of Bangladesh. Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum oils O. basilicum L. var. purpurascens; O. sanctum L. green; O. sanctum L. purple; O. americanum L., citral type; O. americanum L., camphor type, Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 5, 335-340, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1108 . [all data]

Couladis, Tsortanidou, et al., 2001
Couladis, M.; Tsortanidou, V.; Francisco-Ortega, J.; Santos-Guerra, A.; Harvala, C., Composition of the essential oils of Argyranthemum species growing in the Canary Islands, Flavour Fragr. J., 2001, 16, 2, 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.954 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Basni, et al., 2001
bin Jantan, I.; Basni, I.; Ahmad, A.S.; Ali, N.A.M.; Ahmad, A.R.; Ibrahim, H., Constituents of the rhizome oils of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht from Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, Flavour Fragr. J., 2001, 16, 2, 110-112, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.956 . [all data]

Bartley and Jacobs, 2000
Bartley, J.P.; Jacobs, A.L., Effects of drying on flavour compounds in Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale), J. Sci. Food Agric., 2000, 80, 2, 209-215, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000115)80:2<209::AID-JSFA516>3.0.CO;2-8 . [all data]

Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2000
Verzera, A.; Trozzi, A.; Cotroneo, A.; Lorenzo, D.; Dellacassa, E., Uruguayan essential oil. 12. Composition of Nova and Satsuma mandarin oils, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 7, 2903-2909, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990734z . [all data]

Bicchi, Fresia, et al., 1997
Bicchi, C.; Fresia, M.; Rubiolo, P.; Monti, D.; Franz, C.; Goehler, I., Constituents of Tagetes lucida Cav. ssp. lucida essential oil, Flavour Fragr. J., 1997, 12, 1, 47-52, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199701)12:1<47::AID-FFJ610>3.0.CO;2-7 . [all data]

Píry, Príbela, et al., 1995
Píry, J.; Príbela, A.; Durcanská, J.; Farkas, P., Fractionation of volatiles from blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) by different extractive methods, Food Chem., 1995, 54, 1, 73-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(95)92665-7 . [all data]

Le Quere and Latrasse, 1990
Le Quere, J.-L.; Latrasse, A., Composition of the Essential Oils of Blackcurrant Buds (Ribes nigrum L.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 1, 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00091a001 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, References

Symbols used in this document:

T_end Final temperature

T_start Initial temperature
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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