Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylbutyl ester

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Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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NIST MS number 6794

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Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5MS1107.Asuming, Beauchamp, et al., 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min
CapillaryDB-11090.Takeoka, Flath, et al., 199060. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 210. C
CapillaryDB-11091.Takeoka, Flath, et al., 199060. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 210. C

Kovats' RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax1284.Rowan, Lane, et al., 199630. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 100C => 5C/min => 220C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-11090.Sonboli, Azizian, et al., 200760. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 60. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5MS1106.1Andriamaharavo, 201430. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C (1 min) => 5 C/min => 210C => 10 C/min => 280C (15 min)
CapillaryDB-11090.Eri, Khoo, et al., 200060. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: -20C (5min) => 10C/min => 100C => 4C/min => 200C => 10C/min => 280C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCP-Wax 52CB1285.Kourkoutas, Elmore, et al., 200660. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 250. C
CapillaryZB-Wax1274.Ledauphin, Saint-Clair, et al., 200430. m/0.25 mm/0.15 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedSE-3070.1096.Yabumoto, Jennings, et al., 1977 

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryZB-11087.Mierendorff, Stahl-Biskup, et al., 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Nitrogen, 3. K/min; Tstart: 45. C; Tend: 230. C
CapillaryDB-11096.Audino, Alzogaray, et al., 2007He, 50. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min; Column length: 30. m; Phase thickness: 0.25 μm
CapillaryDB-11088.Sonboli, Kanani, et al., 200760. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Nitrogen, 5. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryHP-11090.Filippi, Lanfranchi, et al., 200650. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, He, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillarySE-521100.Ozcan, Chalchat, et al., 2006Helium, 3. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 240. C
CapillaryRTX-5Sil1105.Holland, Larkov, et al., 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 45. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C
CapillaryHP-51104.4Leffingwell and Alford, 200560. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min
CapillaryDB-51103.Masotti, Juteau, et al., 200350. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryZB-11087.Mierendorff, Stahl-Biskup, et al., 200330. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 3. K/min; Tstart: 45. C; Tend: 230. C
CapillaryRSL-2001078.Ngassoum, Jirovetz, et al., 200130. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 40. C @ 5. min, 6. K/min, 280. C @ 5. min
CapillaryOV-1011088.Camciuc, Bessière, et al., 199850. m/0.22 mm/1. μm, He, 100. C @ 1. min, 1. K/min; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryHP-51105.Larsen and Frisvad, 199535. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min; Tend: 200. C
CapillaryDB-11089.Binder and Flath, 198950. C @ 0.1 min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
CapillarySE-301096.Alves and Jennings, 1979Helium, 2. K/min; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 170. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5 MS1102.Nance and Setzer, 201130. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (10 min) 3 0C/min -> 200 0C 2 0C/min -> 220 0C
CapillaryRTX-51106.Leela, Vipin, et al., 200930. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Nitrogen; Program: 60 0C 95 min) 110 0C 3 0C/min -> 200 0C 5 0C/min -> 220 0C 95 min)
CapillarySE-521109.Tognolini, Barocelli, et al., 200630. m/0.32 mm/0.15 μm, He; Program: 45C => 1C/min => 100C => 5C/min => 250C (10min)
CapillaryDB-11090.Binder and Flath, 1989Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
PackedCarbowax 20M100.1282.Yabumoto, Jennings, et al., 1977 

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCP-Wax CB1277.Alves, da Penha, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 150. C @ 5. min; Tstart: 50. C
CapillaryCP-Wax 52CB1305.Audino, Alzogaray, et al., 2007He, 50. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min, 220. C @ 20. min; Column length: 30. m; Phase thickness: 0.32 μm
CapillaryHP-20M1260.Filippi, Lanfranchi, et al., 200650. m/0.2 mm/0.1 μm, He, 2. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryDB-Wax1276.Dregus and Engel, 200360. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, H2, 40. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
CapillaryInnowax1286.Suleimenov, Atazharova, et al., 2003He, 60. C @ 10. min, 4. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
CapillaryDB-Wax1279.Umano, Hagi, et al., 200060. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; Tend: 200. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax1267.Rowan, Hunt, et al., 200920. m/0.18 mm/0.18 μm, Helium; Program: 35 0C (1 min) 2/9 0C/min -> 100 0C 8 0C/min -> 200 0C (5 min)
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1286.Suleimenov Y.M., Atazhanova G.A., et al., 200660. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryDB-Wax1283.Mattheis, Fan, et al., 200560. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(5min) => 2C/min => 50C => 5C/min => 200C (5min)
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1286.Viljoen, Subramoney, et al., 200560. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1286.Demirci, Baser, et al., 200360. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C (10min) => 4C/min => 220C (10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryHP-Innowax FSC1286.Kaya, Demirci, et al., 200360. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C
CapillaryHP-Innowax1286.Baser, Demirci, et al., 200160. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60 0C (10 min) 10 K/min -> 220 0C (10 min) 1K/min -> 240 0C
CapillaryFFAP1292.Lopez, Lavilla, et al., 200050. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2; Program: 70C(1min) => 3C/min => 142C(2min) => 25C/min => 230C(5min)
CapillaryFFAP1292.López, Lavilla, et al., 199850. m/0.2 mm/0.33 μm, N2; Program: 70C (1min) => 3C/min => 142C (2min) => 25C/min => 230C (5min)
CapillaryDB-Wax1279.Binder and Flath, 1989Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Asuming, Beauchamp, et al., 2005
Asuming, W.A.; Beauchamp, P.S.; Descalzo, J.T.; Dev, B.C.; Dev, V.; Frost, S.; Ma, C.W., Essential oil composition of four Lomatium Raf. species and their chemotaxonomy, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2005, 33, 1, 17-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2004.06.005 . [all data]

Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1990
Takeoka, G.R.; Flath, R.A.; Mon, T.R.; Teranishi, R.; Guentert, M., Volatile Constituents of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca), J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 2, 471-477, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00092a031 . [all data]

Rowan, Lane, et al., 1996
Rowan, D.D.; Lane, H.P.; Allen, J.M.; Fielder, S.; Hunt, M.B., Biosynthesis of 2-methylbutyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, and 2-methylbutanoate esters in Red Delicious and Granny Smith apples using deuterium-labeled substrates, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1996, 44, 10, 3276-3285, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9508209 . [all data]

Sonboli, Azizian, et al., 2007
Sonboli, A.; Azizian, D.; Yousefzadi, M.; Kanani, M.R.; Mehrabian, A.R., Volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Apiaceae) from Iran, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 2, 119-122, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1767 . [all data]

Andriamaharavo, 2014
Andriamaharavo, N.R., Retention Data. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center., NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 2014. [all data]

Eri, Khoo, et al., 2000
Eri, S.; Khoo, B.K.; Lech, J.; Hartman, T.G., Direct thermal desorption-gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oils in support of varietal characterization, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 4, 1140-1149, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9911850 . [all data]

Kourkoutas, Elmore, et al., 2006
Kourkoutas, D.; Elmore, J.S.; Mottram, D.S., Comparison of the volatile compositions and flavour properties of cantaloupe, Galia and honeydew muskmelons, Food Chem., 2006, 97, 1, 95-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.026 . [all data]

Ledauphin, Saint-Clair, et al., 2004
Ledauphin, J.; Saint-Clair, J.-F.; Lablanquie, O.; Guichard, H.; Founier, N.; Guichard, E.; Barillier, D., Identification of trace volatile compounds in freshly distilled calvados and cognac using preparative separations coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 16, 5124-5134, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040052y . [all data]

Yabumoto, Jennings, et al., 1977
Yabumoto, K.; Jennings, W.G.; Yamaguchi, M., Gas chromatographic retention as identification criteria, Anal. Biochem., 1977, 78, 1, 244-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(77)90029-X . [all data]

Mierendorff, Stahl-Biskup, et al., 2008
Mierendorff, H.-G.; Stahl-Biskup, E.; Posthumus, M.A.; van Beek, T.A., Composition of commercial Cape chamomile oil (Eriocephalus punctuatus / Eriocephalus tenuifolius), 2008, retrieved from http://www.chemische-analysen-hamburg.de/Publikationen?CapeChamomileOil/. [all data]

Audino, Alzogaray, et al., 2007
Audino, P.G.; Alzogaray, R.A.; Vassena, C.; Masuh, H.; Fontán, A.; Gatti, P.; Martínez, A.; Camps, F.; Cork, A.; Zerba, E., Volatile compounds secreted by Brindley's glands of adult Triatoma infestans: identification and biological activity of previously unidentified compounds, Journal of Vector Ecology, 2007, 32, 1, 75-82, https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[75:VCSBBO]2.0.CO;2 . [all data]

Sonboli, Kanani, et al., 2007
Sonboli, A.; Kanani, M.R.; Yousefzadi, M.; Mojarrad, M., Biological activity and composition of the essential oil of Tetrataenium nephrophyllum (Apiaceae) from Iran, Natural Product Communications, 2007, 2, 12, 1249-1252. [all data]

Filippi, Lanfranchi, et al., 2006
Filippi, J.-J.; Lanfranchi, D.-A.; Prado, S.; Baldovini, N.; Meierhenrich, U.J., Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Achillea ligustica All. from Corsica, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 17, 6308-6313, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060752y . [all data]

Ozcan, Chalchat, et al., 2006
Ozcan, M.M.; Chalchat, J.-C.; Arslan, D.; Ates, A.; Unver, A., Comparative Essential Oil Composition and Antifungal Effect of Bitter Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) Fruit Oils Obtained During Different Vegetation, J. Medicinal Food, 2006, 9, 4, 552-561, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.552 . [all data]

Holland, Larkov, et al., 2005
Holland, D.; Larkov, O.; Bar-Ya'akov, I.; Bar, E.; Zax, A.; Brandeis, E.; Ravid, U.; Lewinsohn, E., Developmental and varietal differences in volatile ester formation and acetyl-CoA: alcohol acetyl transferase activities in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 18, 7198-7203, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050519k . [all data]

Leffingwell and Alford, 2005
Leffingwell, J.C.; Alford, E.D., Volatile constituents of Perique tobacco, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 4, 2, 899-915. [all data]

Masotti, Juteau, et al., 2003
Masotti, V.; Juteau, F.; Bessière, J.M.; Viano, J., Seasonal and phenological variations of the essential oil from the narrow endemic species Artemisia molinieri and its biological activities, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 24, 7115-7121, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034621y . [all data]

Mierendorff, Stahl-Biskup, et al., 2003
Mierendorff, H.-G.; Stahl-Biskup, E.; Posthumus, M.A.; van Beek, T.A., Composition of commercial Cape chamomile oil (Eriocephalus punctulatus), Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 6, 510-514, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1259 . [all data]

Ngassoum, Jirovetz, et al., 2001
Ngassoum, M.B.; Jirovetz, L.; Buchbauer, G., SPME/GC/MS analysis of headspace aroma compounds of the Cameroonian fruit Tetrapleura tetraptera (Thonn.) Taub., Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2001, 213, 1, 18-21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170100330 . [all data]

Camciuc, Bessière, et al., 1998
Camciuc, M.; Bessière, J.M.; Vilarem, G.; Gaset, A., Volatile components in okra seed coat, Phytochemistry, 1998, 48, 2, 311-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01127-8 . [all data]

Larsen and Frisvad, 1995
Larsen, T.O.; Frisvad, J.C., Characterization of volatile metabolites from 47 Penicillium taxa, Mycol. Res., 1995, 99, 10, 1153-1166, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80271-2 . [all data]

Binder and Flath, 1989
Binder, R.G.; Flath, R.A., Volatile components of pineapple guava, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1989, 37, 3, 734-736, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00087a034 . [all data]

Alves and Jennings, 1979
Alves, S.; Jennings, W.G., Volatile composition of certain Amazonian fruits, Food Chem., 1979, 4, 2, 149-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(79)90039-6 . [all data]

Nance and Setzer, 2011
Nance, M.R.; Setzer, W.N., Volatile components of aroma hops (Humulus lupulus L.) commonly used in beer brewing, J. of Brewing and Distilling, 2011, 2, 2, 16-22. [all data]

Leela, Vipin, et al., 2009
Leela, N.K.; Vipin, T.M.; Shafeekh, K.M.; Priyanka, V.; Rema, J., Chemical composition of essential oils from aerial parts of Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burman f.) Bercht Presl., Flavor Fragr. J., 2009, 24, 1, 13-16, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1910 . [all data]

Tognolini, Barocelli, et al., 2006
Tognolini, M.; Barocelli, E.; Ballabeni, V.; Bruni, R.; Bianchi, A.; Chiavarini, M.; Impicciatore, M., Comparative screening of plant essential oils: Phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity, Life Sciences, 2006, 78, 13, 1419-1432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.020 . [all data]

Alves, da Penha, et al., 2012
Alves, V.C.C.; da Penha, M.F.A.; Pinto, N. deO.F.; Garruti, D. dosS., Volatile compounds profile of Musa FHIA 02: an option to counter losses by Black Sigatoka, Nat. Prod. J., 2012, 5, 55-60. [all data]

Dregus and Engel, 2003
Dregus, M.; Engel, K.-H., Volatile constituents of uncooked Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.) stalks, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 22, 6530-6536, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030399l . [all data]

Suleimenov, Atazharova, et al., 2003
Suleimenov, E.M.; Atazharova, G.A.; Demirchi, B.; Baser, K.H.C.; Adekenov, S.M., Essential oil composition of Artemisia Lercheana and A. Sieversiana of Kazakhstan flora in Recent problems of development of new medicines of natural origin, Proceedings of symposium, St.Petersburg - Pushkin, 2003, 382-385. [all data]

Umano, Hagi, et al., 2000
Umano, K.; Hagi, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Shoji, A.; Shibamoto, T., Volatile chemicals identified in extracts from leaves of Japanese mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pamp.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 8, 3463-3469, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0001738 . [all data]

Rowan, Hunt, et al., 2009
Rowan, D.D.; Hunt, M.B.; Dimouro A.; Alspach P.A.; Weskett R.; Volz, R.K.; Gardiner, S.E.; Chagne, D., Profiling fruit volatiles in the progeny of a Royal Gala x Granny Smith apple (Malus x domestica) cross, J. Agr. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 17, 7953-7961, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901678v . [all data]

Suleimenov Y.M., Atazhanova G.A., et al., 2006
Suleimenov Y.M.; Atazhanova G.A.; Ozek T.; Demirci B.; Kulyyasov A.T.; Adekenov S.M.; Baser K.H.C., Essential oil composition of three species of Achillea from Kazakhstan, Chem. Nat. Compd. (Engl. Transl.), 2006, 37, 5, 447-450, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014471326724 . [all data]

Mattheis, Fan, et al., 2005
Mattheis, J.P.; Fan, X.; Argenta, L.C., Interactive Responses of Gala Apple Fruit Volatile Production to Controlled Atmosphere Storage and Chemical Inhibition of Ethylene Action, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 11, 4510-4516, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050121o . [all data]

Viljoen, Subramoney, et al., 2005
Viljoen, A.M.; Subramoney, S.; van Vuuren, S.F.; Baser, K.H.C.; Demirci, B., The composition, geographical variation and antimicrobial activity of Lippia javanica (Verbenaceae) leaf essential oils, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 96, 1-2, 271-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.017 . [all data]

Demirci, Baser, et al., 2003
Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C.; Yildiz, B.; Bahcecioglu, Z., Composition of the essential oils of six endemic Salvia spp. from Turkey, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 2, 116-121, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1173 . [all data]

Kaya, Demirci, et al., 2003
Kaya, A.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C., The essential oil of Seseli tortuosum L. growing in Turkey, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 2, 159-161, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1162 . [all data]

Baser, Demirci, et al., 2001
Baser, K.H.C.; Demirci, B.; Tabanca, N.; Özek, T.; Gören, N., Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum armenum (DC.) Schultz Bip., T. balsamita L., T. chiliophyllum (Fisch. Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani (Rech. fil.) Grierson and the enantiomeric distribution of camphor and carvone, Flavour Fragr. J., 2001, 16, 3, 195-200, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.977 . [all data]

Lopez, Lavilla, et al., 2000
Lopez, M.L.; Lavilla, M.T.; Recasens, I.; Graell, J.; Vendrell, M., Changes in aroma quality of 'Golden Delicious' apples after storage at different oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2000, 80, 3, 311-324, https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200002)80:3<311::AID-JSFA519>3.0.CO;2-F . [all data]

López, Lavilla, et al., 1998
López, M.L.; Lavilla, T.; Recasens, I.; Riba, M.; Vendrell, M., Influence of different oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations during storage on production of volatile compounds by Starking delicious apples, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46, 2, 634-643, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9608938 . [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References