Tetrachloroethylene
- Formula: C2Cl4
- Molecular weight: 165.833
- IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 127-18-4
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Ethene, tetrachloro-; Ethylene, tetrachloro-; Ankilostin; Antisal 1; Didakene; Ethylene tetrachloride; Fedal-Un; Nema; Perchlorethylene; Perchloroethylene; Perclene; PerSec; Tetlen; Tetracap; Tetrachlorethylene; Tetrachloroethene; Tetraguer; Tetraleno; Tetropil; 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene; C2Cl4; Carbon bichloride; Carbon dichloride; Czterochloroetylen; ENT 1,860; Nema, veterinary; NCI-C04580; Perawin; Perchloorethyleen, per; Perchloraethylen, per; Perchlorethylene, per; Percloroetilene; PERC; Tetrachlooretheen; Tetrachloraethen; Tetracloroetene; Tetralex; Antisol 1; Dow-per; Perchlor; Perclene D; Percosolve; PERK; Perklone; RCRA Waste Number U210; Tetravec; Tetroguer; UN 1897; Dilatin PT; 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene; Freon 1110; Perclene TG; Perchloroethene; F 1110
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IR Spectrum
Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.
- Not specified, most likely a prism, grating, or hybrid spectrometer.; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY; 4 cm-1 resolution
- GAS (13 mmHg, N2 ADDED, TOTAL PRESSURE 600 mmHg); DOW KBr FOREPRISM-GRATING; DIGITIZED BY COBLENTZ SOCIETY (BATCH II) FROM HARD COPY; 2 cm-1 resolution
- SOLUTION (10% IN CCl4 FOR 3800-1300, AND 10% IN CS2 FOR 1300-650 CM-1) VERSUS SOLVENT; PERKIN-ELMER 521 (GRATING); DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm-1 resolution
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty
- gas; IFS66V (Bruker); 3-Term B-H Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Boxcar Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Happ Genzel Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); NB Strong Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution - gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Triangular Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm-1 resolution
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
| Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
|---|---|
| Origin | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center |
| NIST MS number | 341689 |
UV/Visible spectrum
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
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Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.
| Source | Lacher and Park, 1950 |
|---|---|
| Owner | INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
| Origin | INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS |
| Source reference | RAS UV No. 10176 |
| Instrument | Beckman DU |
| Melting point | - 22.3 |
| Boiling point | 121.3 |
Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi
Symmetry: D2h Symmetry Number σ = 4
| Sym. | No | Approximate | Selected Freq. | Infrared | Raman | Comments | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | type of mode | Value | Rating | Value | Phase | Value | Phase | |||
| ag | 1 | CC str | 1571 | D | ia | 1571 p | liq. | |||
| ag | 2 | CCl2 s-str | 447 | D | ia | 447 p | liq. | |||
| ag | 3 | CCl2 scis | 237 | D | ia | 237 p | liq. | |||
| au | 4 | CCl2 twist | 110 | E | ia | ia | OC(2ν4) | |||
| b1g | 5 | CCl2 a-str | 1000 | D | ia | 1000 | liq. | |||
| b1g | 6 | CCl2 rock | 347 | D | ia | 347 dp | liq. | |||
| b1u | 7 | CCl2 wag | 288 | D | 288 M | liq. | ia | |||
| b2g | 8 | CCl2 wag | 512 | D | ia | 512 dp | liq. | |||
| b2u | 9 | CCl2 a-str | 908 | C | 908 S | solid solid | ia | |||
| b2u | 10 | CCl2 rock | 176 | C | 176 S | liq. | ia | |||
| b3u | 11 | CCl2 s-str | 777 | C | 777 S | solid solid | ia | |||
| b3u | 12 | CCl2 scis | 310 | C | 310 W | liq. | ia | |||
Source: Shimanouchi, 1972
Notes
| S | Strong |
| M | Medium |
| W | Weak |
| ia | Inactive |
| p | Polarized |
| dp | Depolarized |
| OC | Frequency estimated from an overtone or a combination tone indicated in the parentheses. |
| C | 3~6 cm-1 uncertainty |
| D | 6~15 cm-1 uncertainty |
| E | 15~30 cm-1 uncertainty |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
| Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-5 | 100. | 825.59 | Harangi, 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 120. | 832.30 | Harangi, 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 60. | 803. | Dewulf, Van Langenhove, et al., 1997 | 30. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, He |
| Capillary | OV-1 | 50. | 799. | Villalobos, 1995 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.96 μm |
| Capillary | SPB-1 | 60. | 801. | Castello, Vezzani, et al., 1991 | N2; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm |
| Packed | OV-1 | 100. | 809. | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | OV-1 | 125. | 814. | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | OV-1 | 75. | 804. | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | Squalane | 80. | 806. | Pacáková, Vojtechová, et al., 1988 | N2, Chezasorb AW-HMDS; Column length: 1.2 m |
| Packed | SE-30 | 150. | 825. | Tiess, 1984 | Ar, Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | SE-30 | 100. | 814. | Winskowski, 1983 | Gaschrom Q; Column length: 2. m |
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | CBP-1 | 801. | Shimadzu, 2003 | 25. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal
| Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 50. | 1044. | Villalobos, 1995 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.54 μm, He |
| Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 60. | 1038. | Castello, Vezzani, et al., 1991 | N2; Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.75 mm |
| Packed | SP-1000 | 100. | 1050.23 | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | SP-1000 | 125. | 1059.96 | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | SP-1000 | 75. | 1036.20 | Castello and Gerbino, 1988 | He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m |
| Packed | Carbowax 20M | 75. | 1030. | Goebel, 1982 | N2, Kieselgur (60-100 mesh); Column length: 2. m |
Kovats' RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | CBP-20 | 1024. | Shimadzu, 2003 | 25. m/0.2 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1022. | Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 1022. | Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-5 | 815.45 | Harangi, 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 60. C @ 2.8 min, 3. K/min; Tend: 180. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 817.10 | Harangi, 2003 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He, 60. C @ 2.8 min, 4. K/min; Tend: 180. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 815.9 | Xu, van Stee, et al., 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 2.5 K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 794.8 | Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996 | 30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, 6. K/min; Tstart: -50. C; Tend: 180. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 809.3 | Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996 | 60. m/0.33 mm/0.25 μm, 6. K/min; Tstart: -50. C; Tend: 180. C |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 804.0 | Shapi and Hesso, 1990 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.15 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 804.0 | Shapi and Hesso, 1990 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.15 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 815. | Weber, 1986 | 25. m/0.31 mm/0.17 μm, H2, 2. K/min; Tstart: 35. C |
| Capillary | OV-1 | 796. | Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1976 | 1. K/min; Column length: 183. m; Column diameter: 0.762 mm; Tstart: 0. C; Tend: 230. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1021. | Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min) |
| Capillary | Supelcowax-10 | 1026. | Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(8min) => 4C/min => 60C => 6C/min => 160C => 20C/min => 200C(1min) |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal
| Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-1 | 60. | 801. | Shimadzu, 2003, 2 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | HP-5 MS | 806. | Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 300. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | SPB-5 | 814. | Vasta, Ratel, et al., 2007 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min |
| Capillary | BP-1 | 807. | Health Safety Executive, 2000 | 50. m/0.22 mm/0.75 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | Methyl Silicone | 796.52 | Baraldi, Rapparini, et al., 1999 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 40. C @ 10. min, 5. K/min; Tend: 220. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 819. | Meynier, Novelli, et al., 1999 | 30. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 200. C |
| Capillary | SE-54 | 823. | Huang, Liang, et al., 1996 | 36. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 240. C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 794. | Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 240. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 808. | Berdague, Denoyer, et al., 1991 | 60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 240. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | HP-5 MS | 814. | Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 808. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups | 815. | Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | HP-5MS | 806. | Ansorena, Gimeno, et al., 2001 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 120C => 10C/min => 250C (5min) |
| Capillary | BP-1 | 794.51 | Cooke, Hassoun, et al., 2001 | 50. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He; Program: -50C => 49.9C/min => 5C(3min) => 3C/min => 50C => 5C/min => 220C(20 min) |
| Capillary | Methyl Silicone | 794. | Zenkevich, 2001 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Methyl Silicone | 803. | Zenkevich, 2001 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | HP-5 | 806. | Ansorena, Astiasarán, et al., 2000 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C (10min) => 3C/min => 120C => 10C/min => 250C (5min) |
| Capillary | SPB-1 | 811. | Flanagan, Streete, et al., 1997 | 60. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 802. | Sorimachi, Tanabe, et al., 1995 | He; Column length: 30. m; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 793. | Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1994 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 793. | Ciccioli, Brancaleoni, et al., 1993 | 60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 3 min at 5 C; 5 - 50 C at 3 deg/min; 50 - 220 C at 5 deg/min |
| Capillary | SPB-1 | 811. | Strete, Ruprah, et al., 1992 | 60. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C |
| Capillary | SPB-1 | 797. | Strete, Ruprah, et al., 1992 | 60. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | CP Sil 8 CB | 816. | Weller and Wolf, 1989 | 40. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 30 0C (1 min) 15 0C/min -> 45 0C 3 0C/min -> 120 0C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 785. | Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 30C (2min) => 2C/min => 150C => 4C/min => 250C |
| Capillary | DB-1 | 800. | Takeoka, Flath, et al., 1988 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, H2; Program: 30C (2min) => 2C/min => 150C => 4C/min => 250C |
| Capillary | OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc. | 789. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc. | 797. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | OV-1 | 789. | Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982 | Program: not specified |
| Capillary | SE-30 | 796. | Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981 | He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm; Program: -10C (8min) => 12C/min => 26C => 3C/min => 170C (30min) |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal
| Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 60. | 1045. | Shimadzu, 2003, 2 | 50. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | Carbowax 400, Carbowax 20M, Carbowax 1540, Carbowax 4000, Superox 06, PEG 20M, etc. | 1012. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Superox 0.6; Carbowax 20M | 1012. | Waggott and Davies, 1984 | Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 1018. | Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982 | Program: not specified |
References
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Lacher and Park, 1950
Lacher, J.R.; Park, J.D.,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 5486. [all data]
Shimanouchi, 1972
Shimanouchi, T.,
Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies Consolidated Volume I, National Bureau of Standards, 1972, 1-160. [all data]
Harangi, 2003
Harangi, J.,
Short communication. Retention index calculation without n-alkanes -- the virtual carbon number,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 993, 1-2, 187-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00320-0
. [all data]
Dewulf, Van Langenhove, et al., 1997
Dewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H.; Everaert, M.,
Solid-phase microextraction of volatile organic compounds estimation of the sorption equilibrium from the Kováts index, effect of salinity and humic acids and the study of the kinetics by the development of an agitated/static layer model,
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Villalobos, 1995
Villalobos, R.,
A window diagram for key component analysis in on-line gas chromatography,
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Castello, Vezzani, et al., 1991
Castello, G.; Vezzani, S.; Gerbino, T.,
Gas chromatographic separation and automatic identification of complex mixtures of organic solvents in indrustrial wates,
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Castello and Gerbino, 1988
Castello, G.; Gerbino, T.C.,
Effect of Temperature on the Gas Chromatographic Separation of Halogenated Compounds on Polar and Non-Polar Stationary Phases,
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Pacáková, Vojtechová, et al., 1988
Pacáková, V.; Vojtechová, H.; Coufal, P.,
Reaction gas chromatography: study of the photodecomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons,
Chromatographia, 1988, 25, 7, 621-626, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02327659
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Tiess, 1984
Tiess, D.,
Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelflüchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30,
Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 1984, 33, 6-9. [all data]
Winskowski, 1983
Winskowski, J.,
Gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Stoffen anhand von Indexziffem und unterschiedlichen Detektoren,
Chromatographia, 1983, 17, 3, 160-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02271041
. [all data]
Shimadzu, 2003
Shimadzu,
Gas chromatography analysis of organic solvents using capillary columns (No. 2), 2003, retrieved from http://www.shimadzu.com/apps/form.cfm. [all data]
Goebel, 1982
Goebel, K.-J.,
Gaschromatographische Identifizierung Niedrig Siedender Substanzen Mittels Retentionsindices und Rechnerhilfe,
J. Chromatogr., 1982, 235, 1, 119-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)95793-5
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Tatsuka, Suekane, et al., 1990
Tatsuka, K.; Suekane, S.; Sakai, Y.; Sumitani, H.,
Volatile constituents of kiwi fruit flowers: simultaneous distillation and extraction versus headspace sampling,
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Xu, van Stee, et al., 2003
Xu, X.; van Stee, L.L.P.; Williams, J.; Beens, J.; Adahchour, M.; Vreuls, R.J.J.; Brinkman, U.A.Th.; Lelieveld, J.,
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) measurements of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere,
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Helmig, Pollock, et al., 1996
Helmig, D.; Pollock, W.; Greenberg, J.; Zimmerman, P.,
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile organic trace gases at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii,
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Shapi and Hesso, 1990
Shapi, M.M.; Hesso, A.,
Thermal decomposition of polystyrene volatile compounds from large-scale pyrolysis,
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Weber, 1986
Weber, L.,
Utilization of the Sadtler standard RI system in micropollution analyses,
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Schreyen, Dirinck, et al., 1976
Schreyen, L.; Dirinck, P.; van Wassenhove, F.; Schamp, N.,
Analysis of leek volatiles by headspace condensation,
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Bianchi, Careri, et al., 2007
Bianchi, F.; Careri, M.; Mangia, A.; Musci, M.,
Retention indices in the analysis of food aroma volatile compounds in temperature-programmed gas chromatography: Database creation and evaluation of precision and robustness,
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Notes
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References
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