1-Propene, 2-methyl-
- Formula: C4H8
- Molecular weight: 56.1063
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 115-11-7
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: Propene, 2-methyl-; γ-Butylene; Isobutene; Isobutylene; Isopropylidenemethylene; 1,1-Dimethylethylene; 2-Methyl-1-propene; 2-Methylpropene; iso-C4H8; Methylpropene; UN 1055; 1,1-Dimethylethene; 2-Methylpropylene
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Gas phase thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔfH°gas | -4.29 ± 0.26 | kcal/mol | Cm | Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951 | ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔcH°gas | -645.19 ± 0.25 | kcal/mol | Cm | Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = -4.27 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
ΔcH°gas | -650.6 | kcal/mol | Ccb | Guinchant, 1918 | Corresponding ΔfHºgas = 1.1 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
S°gas | 70.170 | cal/mol*K | N/A | Stull D.R., 1969 | This value was obtained on the basis of calorimetric data [ Todd S.S., 1936]. Experimental value of S(298 K)=288.7 J/mol*K [ Todd S.S., 1936] could not be recommended because of its large uncertainty.; GT |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
8.528 | 50. | Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997 | p=1 bar. Recommended values are in close agreement with other statistically calculated values [ Kilpatrick J.E., 1946] as well as with ab initio value of S(298.15 K)=293.37 J/mol*K [ East A.L.L., 1997].; GT |
10.98 | 100. | ||
13.58 | 150. | ||
16.09 | 200. | ||
19.77 | 273.15 | ||
21.05 | 298.15 | ||
21.15 | 300. | ||
26.240 | 400. | ||
30.915 | 500. | ||
35.010 | 600. | ||
38.564 | 700. | ||
41.659 | 800. | ||
44.357 | 900. | ||
46.714 | 1000. | ||
48.764 | 1100. | ||
50.550 | 1200. | ||
52.101 | 1300. | ||
53.454 | 1400. | ||
54.632 | 1500. | ||
56.977 | 1750. | ||
58.678 | 2000. | ||
59.940 | 2250. | ||
60.894 | 2500. | ||
61.623 | 2750. | ||
62.189 | 3000. |
Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
Cp,gas (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
18.13 ± 0.091 | 239.15 | Scott R.B., 1945 | GT |
19.81 ± 0.098 | 272.15 | ||
21.91 ± 0.11 | 312.15 | ||
23.96 ± 0.12 | 353.15 |
Condensed phase thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S°liquid | 46.4 | cal/mol*K | N/A | Todd and Parks, 1936 | Extrapolation below 90 K, 45.23 J/mol*K. |
Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid
Cp,liquid (cal/mol*K) | Temperature (K) | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
28.99 | 266.26 | Rabinovich and Lebedev, 1971 | T = 90 to 266 K. |
29.020 | 253.1 | Todd and Parks, 1936 | T = 93.3 to 253 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. |
Reaction thermochemistry data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.
Individual Reactions
C4H7- + =
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 393.0 ± 1.8 | kcal/mol | Endo | Wenthold, Hu, et al., 1999 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 387.0 ± 2.0 | kcal/mol | D-EA | Wenthold, Polak, et al., 1996 | gas phase; B |
ΔrH° | 390.3 ± 2.3 | kcal/mol | G+TS | Bartmess and Burnham, 1984 | gas phase; B |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrG° | 385.6 ± 1.9 | kcal/mol | H-TS | Wenthold, Hu, et al., 1999 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 379.6 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | H-TS | Wenthold, Polak, et al., 1996 | gas phase; B |
ΔrG° | 382.9 ± 2.2 | kcal/mol | IMRE | Bartmess and Burnham, 1984 | gas phase; B |
By formula: H4N+ + C4H8 = (H4N+ • C4H8)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 35.0 | kcal/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sieck, 1991 | gas phase; condensation; M |
ΔrH° | 34.9 | kcal/mol | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sieck, 1990 | gas phase; forms t-C4H9NH3+; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 37.1 | cal/mol*K | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sieck, 1991 | gas phase; condensation; M |
ΔrS° | 39.2 | cal/mol*K | PHPMS | Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sieck, 1990 | gas phase; forms t-C4H9NH3+; M |
By formula: C4H9Cl = C4H8 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 17.7 ± 0.5 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1955 | gas phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | 17.70 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1951 | gas phase; Hf-gas-(390) -44.4 kcal/mol; ALS |
ΔrH° | 17.1 ± 0.5 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C2H6O = C6H14O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -7.65 | kcal/mol | Cm | Sola, Pericas, et al., 1995 | liquid phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -7.65 | kcal/mol | Kin | Sola, Pericas, et al., 1995 | liquid phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -14.9 ± 0.5 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Iborra, Izquierdo, et al., 1989 | gas phase; GC; ALS |
By formula: C3H9Si+ + C4H8 = (C3H9Si+ • C4H8)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 36.5 | kcal/mol | PHPMS | Li and Stone, 1989 | gas phase; condensation; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
ΔrS° | 42.7 | cal/mol*K | PHPMS | Li and Stone, 1989 | gas phase; condensation; M |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -28.15 ± 0.10 | kcal/mol | Chyd | Kistiakowsky, Ruhoff, et al., 1935 | gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -28.39 ± 0.18 kcal/mol; At 355 °K; ALS |
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -19.4 ± 0.5 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Benson and Amano, 1962 | gas phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -19.2 ± 1.0 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Jones and Ogg, 1937 | gas phase; At 408-464 K; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C3H8O = C7H16O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -5.47 ± 0.31 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Calderon, Tejero, et al., 1997 | liquid phase; ALS |
ΔrH° | -5.19 ± 0.38 | kcal/mol | Cm | Sola, Pericas, et al., 1997 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: Li+ + C4H8 = (Li+ • C4H8)
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 28. | kcal/mol | ICR | Staley and Beauchamp, 1975 | gas phase; switching reaction(Li+)H2O, from graph; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970 extrapolated; M |
By formula: C4H8 + HCl = C4H9Cl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -15.08 ± 0.42 | kcal/mol | Cm | Arnett and Pienta, 1980 | liquid phase; solvent: Methylene chloride; Hydrochloronation; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + H2O = C4H10O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -12.775 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Eberz and Lucas, 1934 | gas phase; solvent: Aqueous; Heat of hydration; ALS |
By formula: Na+ + C4H8 = (Na+ • C4H8)
Free energy of reaction
ΔrG° (kcal/mol) | T (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
10.0 | 298. | IMRE | McMahon and Ohanessian, 2000 | Anchor alanine=39.89; RCD |
(CAS Reg. No. 38130-30-2 • 4294967295) + = CAS Reg. No. 38130-30-2
By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 38130-30-2 • 4294967295C4H8) + C4H8 = CAS Reg. No. 38130-30-2
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 15.5 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | N/A | DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
By formula: (C4H9 • 4294967295C4H8) + C4H8 = C4H9
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 15.3 ± 2.1 | kcal/mol | N/A | DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989 | gas phase; B |
By formula: C5H12O = C4H8 + CH4O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 9.51 ± 0.1 | kcal/mol | Cm | Arntz and Gottlieb, 1985 | gas phase; At 319K; ALS |
By formula: C4H8Br2 = C4H8 + Br2
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 33.40 ± 0.11 | kcal/mol | Cm | Sunner and Wulff, 1974 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C4H10O = C8H18O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -9.01 ± 0.57 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Sharonov, Mishentseva, et al., 1991 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C4H10O = C8H18O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -8.68 ± 0.43 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Sharonov, Mishentseva, et al., 1991 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + C4H10O = C8H18O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -8.32 ± 0.65 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Sharonov, Mishentseva, et al., 1991 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C6H14O = C4H8 + C2H6O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 8.47 ± 0.46 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Sharonov, Rozhnov, et al., 1995 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H9Br = C4H8 + HCl
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 18.9 ± 0.9 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: HBr + C4H8 = C4H9Br
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -18.850 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Howlett, 1957 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H8 + CH4O = C5H12O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | -8.08 | kcal/mol | Cm | Sol, Perics, et al., 1994 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C4H10O = C4H8 + H2O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 12.6 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Taft and Riesz, 1955 | liquid phase; ALS |
By formula: C7H8O + C4H8 = C11H16O
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 15.0 ± 0.67 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Verevkin, Nesterova, et al., 1984 | gas phase; ALS |
By formula: C10H14O = C6H6O + C4H8
Quantity | Value | Units | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔrH° | 17.0 ± 0.50 | kcal/mol | Eqk | Verevkin, 1982 | gas phase; ALS |
Henry's Law data
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Rolf Sander
Henry's Law constant (water solution)
kH(T) = k°H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
k°H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)
k°H (mol/(kg*bar)) | d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) | Method | Reference | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.0048 | Q | N/A | missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species. | |
0.0016 | L | N/A | ||
0.0057 | 3000. | L | N/A | |
0.0047 | V | N/A |
Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi
Symmetry: C2ν Symmetry Number σ = 2
Sym. | No | Approximate | Selected Freq. | Infrared | Raman | Comments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | type of mode | Value | Rating | Value | Phase | Value | Phase | |||
a1 | 1 | CH2 s-str | 2989 | D | 2991 M | sln. | 2989 S p | liq. | ||
a1 | 2 | CH3 d-str | 2941 | C | 2940.8 | gas | 2930 W p | liq. | ||
a1 | 3 | CH3 s-str | 2911 | D | 2919 W | gas | 2911 S p | liq. | ||
a1 | 4 | C=C str | 1661 | C | 1661.1 S | gas | 1655 S p | liq. | ||
a1 | 5 | CH3 d-deform | 1470 | C | 1469.6 S | gas | 1462 VW | liq. | ||
a1 | 6 | CH2 scis | 1416 | D | 1419 W | sln. | 1416 S p | liq. | ||
a1 | 7 | CH3 s-deform | 1366 | D | 1366 VW p | liq. | ||||
a1 | 8 | CH3 rock | 1064 | C | 1063.9 S | gas | 1058 W p | liq. | ||
a1 | 9 | C-C str | 801 | C | 801 W | gas | 803 VS p | liq. | ||
a1 | 10 | C=CC2 ip-deform | 383 | D | 384 W | sln. | 383 W | liq. | ||
a2 | 11 | CH3 d-str | 2970 | D | ia | 2970 W p | liq. | OV(ν17) | ||
a2 | 12 | CH3 d-deform | 1459 | D | ia | 1459 VW | liq. | |||
a2 | 13 | CH3 rock | 1076 | E | ia | CF | ||||
a2 | 14 | CH2 twist | 981 | E | ia | CF | ||||
a2 | 15 | CH3 torsion | 193 | E | ia | CF | ||||
b1 | 16 | CH2 a-str | 3086 | C | 3086.0 S | gas | 3079 W dp | liq. | ||
b1 | 17 | CH3 d-str | 2980 | C | 2980.4 | gas | 2970 W dp | liq. | OV(ν11) | |
b1 | 18 | CH3 s-str | 2893 | C | 2892.9 W | gas | 2892 W dp | liq. | ||
b1 | 19 | CH3 d-deform | 1458 | C | 1458.4 S | gas | ||||
b1 | 20 | CH3 s-deform | 1381 | C | 1381.2 S | gas | 1386 W | liq. | ||
b1 | 21 | C-C str | 1282 | C | 1281.9 S | gas | 1281 W | liq. | ||
b1 | 22 | CH3 rock | 1043 | E | CF | |||||
b1 | 23 | CH2 rock | 974 | C | 973.7 W | gas | 972 VW | liq. | ||
b1 | 24 | C=CC2 ip-deform | 430 | D | 430 sh | sln. | ||||
b2 | 25 | CH3 d-str | 2945 | C | 2944.9 S | gas | ||||
b2 | 26 | CH3 d-deform | 1444 | C | 1443.7 S | gas | 1439 VW | liq. | ||
b2 | 27 | CH3 rock | 1079 | C | 1079.0 S | gas | ||||
b2 | 28 | CH2 wag | 890 | C | 889.7 VS | gas | 883 W dp | liq. | ||
b2 | 29 | C=CC2 op-deform | 429 | C | 429.1 S | gas | 431 W dp | liq. | ||
b2 | 30 | CH3 torsion | 196 | C | 196 VW | gas | ||||
Source: Shimanouchi, 1972
Notes
VS | Very strong |
S | Strong |
M | Medium |
W | Weak |
VW | Very weak |
ia | Inactive |
sh | Shoulder |
p | Polarized |
dp | Depolarized |
CF | Calculated frequency |
OV | Overlapped by band indicated in parentheses. |
C | 3~6 cm-1 uncertainty |
D | 6~15 cm-1 uncertainty |
E | 15~30 cm-1 uncertainty |
References
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Prosen, Maron, et al., 1951
Prosen, E.J.; Maron, F.W.; Rossini, F.D.,
Heats of combustion, formation, and insomerization of ten C4 hydrocarbons,
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Guinchant, 1918
Guinchant, M.J.,
Etude sur la fonction acide dans les derives metheniques et methiniques,
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Stull D.R., 1969
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The Chemical Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds. Wiley, New York, 1969. [all data]
Todd S.S., 1936
Todd S.S.,
Thermal data on organic compounds. XV. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for the isomeric butenes,
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Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997
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Kilpatrick J.E., 1946
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Heat content, free energy function, entropy, and heat capacity of ethylene, propylene, and the four butenes to 1500 K,
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East A.L.L., 1997
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Ab initio statistical thermodynamical models for the computation of third-law entropies,
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Scott R.B., 1945
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Thermal data on organic compounds. XV. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for the isomeric butenes,
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Wenthold, P.G.; Hu, J.; Squires, R.R.; Lineberger, W.C.,
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Wenthold, Polak, et al., 1996
Wenthold, P.G.; Polak, M.L.; Lineberger, W.C.,
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Allyl and 2-Methylallyl Anions,
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Bartmess and Burnham, 1984
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Effect of central substituents on the gas phase acidities of propenes,
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Proton affinity ladders from variable-temperature equilibrium measurements. 1. A reevaluation of the upper proton affinity range,
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Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sieck, 1990
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Ion Thermochemistry at High Temperatures. 1. Thermochemistry of the Ammonium Ion from Variable - Temperature Equilibrium Measurements. Proton Transfer, Association, and Decomposition Reactions in Ammonia, Isobutene, and t-Butylamine,
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Howlett, 1951
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Kistiakowsky and Stauffer, 1937
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Iborra, Izquierdo, et al., 1989
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Equilibrium constant for ethyl tert-butyl ether vapor-phase synthesis,
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Determination of the beta silicon effect from a mass spectrometric study of the association of trimethylsilylium ion with alkenes,
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Thermodynamic properties of tertiary iodides,
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Jones and Ogg, 1937
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The equilibrium (CH3)3CI = (CH3)2C = CH2 + HI,
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Calderon, Tejero, et al., 1997
Calderon, A.; Tejero, J.; Izuierdo, J.F.; Iborra, M.; Cunill, F.,
Equilibrium Constants for the liquid-phase synthesis of isopropyl tert-butyl ether from 2-propanol and isobutene,
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Notes
Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References
- Symbols used in this document:
Cp,gas Constant pressure heat capacity of gas Cp,liquid Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid S°gas Entropy of gas at standard conditions S°liquid Entropy of liquid at standard conditions T Temperature d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant k°H Henry's Law constant at 298.15K ΔcH°gas Enthalpy of combustion of gas at standard conditions ΔfH°gas Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions ΔrG° Free energy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrH° Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions ΔrS° Entropy of reaction at standard conditions - Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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