Undecanoic acid
- Formula: C11H22O2
- Molecular weight: 186.2912
- IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C11H22O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11(12)13/h2-10H2,1H3,(H,12,13)
- IUPAC Standard InChIKey: ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- CAS Registry Number: 112-37-8
- Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. - Other names: n-Undecanoic acid; n-Undecoic acid; n-Undecylic acid; Hendecanoic acid; Undecylic acid; 1-Decanecarboxylic acid
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IR Spectrum
Go To: Top, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Gas Phase Spectrum
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Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.
Additional Data
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| Owner | NIST Standard Reference Data Program Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
|---|---|
| Origin | Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract |
| State | gas |
Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Spectrum
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Additional Data
View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).
Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.
| Owner | NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. |
|---|---|
| Origin | Japan AIST/NIMC Database- Spectrum MS-NW-2666 |
| NIST MS number | 229862 |
Gas Chromatography
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director
Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal
| Column type | Active phase | Temperature (C) | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Packed | E-301 | 170. | 1488. | Shashkova, Znamenskaia, et al., 1969 | He, Celite 545 (0.20-0.50 mm); Column length: 2. m |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | HP-5MS | 1466.8 | Zeng, Zhao, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 300. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1490. | Choi, 2005 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | SPB-5 | 1468. | Píno, Marbot, et al., 2004 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1490. | Choi, 2003 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 1460. | Pino, Marbot, et al., 2001 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.4 μm, He, 60. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 280. C @ 60. min |
| Capillary | HP-5 | 1465. | Lazari, Skaltsa, et al., 2000 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2398. | Ruiz Perez-Cacho, Mahattanatawee, et al., 2007 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 7. K/min, 240. C @ 5. min; Tstart: 40. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2421. | Choi, 2005 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2419. | Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2407. | Choi, 2003 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2405. | Lin and Rouseff, 2001 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, He, 7. K/min, 240. C @ 5. min; Tstart: 40. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2417. | Choi and Sawamura, 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2400. | Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1994 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; Tstart: 50. C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2369. | Frohlich and Schreier, 1990 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 5. K/min; Tend: 220. C |
| Capillary | Carbowax 20M | 2379. | Chen, Kuo, et al., 1986 | He, 50. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 200. C @ 40. min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm |
Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2365. | Ferrari, Lablanquie, et al., 2004 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 35C(0.7min) => 20C/min => 70C => 4C/min => 240C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | HP-5 MS | 1465. | Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min, 290. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 70. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 1490. | Choi, 2006 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | PE-5 | 1482. | Pandey-Rai S., Mallavarapu G.R., et al., 2006 | 50. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 100. C @ 1. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 280. C |
| Capillary | Polymethylsiloxane, (PMS-20000) | 1493. | Dohou, Yamni, et al., 2005 | He, 50. C @ 3. min, 3. K/min; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm; Tend: 250. C |
| Capillary | Optima-1 | 1469. | de Beck, Bessière, et al., 2000 | 25. m/0.20 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 3. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 250. C |
| Capillary | Ultra-1 | 1474. | Okumura, 1991 | 25. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 260. C |
Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | CP Sil 5 CB | 1445. | Weyerstahl, Marschall, et al., 1998 | N2; Column length: 25. m; Phase thickness: 0.39 μm; Program: not specified |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2371. | Choi, 2006 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | HP-20M | 2359. | Mastelic, Jerkovic, et al., 2006 | 50. m/0.2 mm/0.2 μm, He, 70. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 180. C @ 15. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2394. | Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005, 2 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2394. | Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005, 3 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2417. | Choi, 2004 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2419. | Choi, 2004, 2 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 70. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 20. min |
Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2373. | Gyawali and Kim, 2012 | 60. m/0.20 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (3 min) 2 0C/min -> 150 0C 4 0C/min -> 220 0C (20 min) 5 0C/min -> 230 0C |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2400. | Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2407. | Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | DB-Wax | 2413. | Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified |
| Capillary | Innowax FSC | 2400. | Baser, Özek, et al., 2006 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min >220C (10min) => 1C/min => 240C |
| Capillary | Innowax FSC | 2400. | Kosar, Özek, et al., 2005 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C |
| Capillary | Innowax FSC | 2400. | Baser, Özek, et al., 2004 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C |
| Capillary | HP-Innowax FSC | 2401. | Erdemoglu, Sener, et al., 2003 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C |
| Capillary | Innowax FSC | 2400. | Kirimer, Tabanca, et al., 2000 | 60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 60C(10 min) => 4C/min => 220C(10min) => 1C/min => 240C |
Lee's RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp
| Column type | Active phase | I | Reference | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capillary | DB-5MS | 249.52 | Chen, Keeran, et al., 2002 | 30. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, 40. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min; Tend: 310. C |
| Capillary | DB-5 | 248.0 | Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 1993 | 30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 3. min, 8. K/min, 285. C @ 29.5 min |
References
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, Notes
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.
Shashkova, Znamenskaia, et al., 1969
Shashkova, A.A.; Znamenskaia, A.P.; Pas'ko, L.Ya.,
Investigation of esters of odd series halohenated acids with Kovats indices,
Gazovaya Khromatografiya, 1969, 9, 40-47. [all data]
Zeng, Zhao, et al., 2007
Zeng, Y.-X.; Zhao, C.-X.; Liang, Y.-Z.; Yang, H.; Fang, H.-Z.; Yi, L.-Z.; Zeng, Z.-D.,
Comparative analysis of volatile components from Clematis species growing in China,
Anal. Chim. Acta., 2007, 595, 1-2, 328-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.022
. [all data]
Choi, 2005
Choi, H.-S.,
Characteristic odor components of kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) peel oil,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 5, 1642-1647, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040324x
. [all data]
Píno, Marbot, et al., 2004
Píno, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Vázquez, C.,
Volatile components of the fruits of Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. from Cuba,
J. Essent. Oil Res., 2004, 16, 4, 302-304, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698727
. [all data]
Choi, 2003
Choi, H.-S.,
Character impact odorants of Citrus Hallabong [(C. unshiu Marcov × C. sinensis Osbeck) × C. reticulata Blanco] cold-pressed peel oil,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 9, 2687-2692, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021069o
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Pino, Marbot, et al., 2001
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Vázquez, C.,
Characterization of volatiles in strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) fruit,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 12, 5883-5887, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010414r
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Lazari, Skaltsa, et al., 2000
Lazari, D.M.; Skaltsa, H.D.; Constantinidis, T.,
Volatile constituents of Centaurea pelia DC., C. thessala Hausskn. subsp. drakiensis (Freyn Sint.) Georg. and C. zuccariniana DC. from Greece,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2000, 15, 1, 7-11, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200001/02)15:1<7::AID-FFJ860>3.0.CO;2-3
. [all data]
Ruiz Perez-Cacho, Mahattanatawee, et al., 2007
Ruiz Perez-Cacho, P.; Mahattanatawee, K.; Smoot, J.M.; Rouseff, R.,
Identification of Sulfur Volatiles in Canned Orange Juices Lacking Orange Flavor,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 14, 5761-5767, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0703856
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Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005
Njoroge, S.M.; Koaze, H.; Karanja, P.N.; Sawamura, M.,
Volatile Constituents of Redblush Grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi) and Pummelo ( Citrus grandis) Peel Essential Oils from Kenya,
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 25, 9790-9794, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051373s
. [all data]
Lin and Rouseff, 2001
Lin, J.; Rouseff, R.L.,
Characterization of aroma-impact compounds in cold-pressed grapefruit oil using time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2001, 16, 6, 457-463, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1041
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Choi and Sawamura, 2000
Choi, H.-S.; Sawamura, M.,
Composition of the essential oil of Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka (Hyuganatsu),
J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 10, 4868-4873, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000651e
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Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1994
Shiratsuchi, H.; Shimoda, M.; Imayoshi, K.; Noda, K.; Osajima, Y.,
Volatile flavor compounds in spray-dried skim milk powder,
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Frohlich and Schreier, 1990
Frohlich, O.; Schreier, P.,
Volatile Constituents of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Fruit,
J. Food Sci., 1990, 55, 1, 176-180, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06046.x
. [all data]
Chen, Kuo, et al., 1986
Chen, C.-C.; Kuo, M.-C.; Liu, S.-E.; Wu, C.-M.,
Volatile components of salted and pickled prunes (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.),
J. Agric. Food Chem., 1986, 34, 1, 140-144, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00067a038
. [all data]
Ferrari, Lablanquie, et al., 2004
Ferrari, G.; Lablanquie, O.; Cantagrel, R.; Ledauphin, J.; Payot, T.; Fournier, N.; Guichard, E.,
Determination of key odorant compounds in freshly distilled cognac using GC-O, GC-MS, and sensory evaluation,
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Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.; Blagojevic, P.; Palic, R.,
Comparative study of the leaf volatiles of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae),
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Choi, 2006
Choi, H.-S.,
Headspace analyses of fresh leaves and stems of Angelica gigas Nakai, a Korean medicinal herb,
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Pandey-Rai S., Mallavarapu G.R., et al., 2006
Pandey-Rai S.; Mallavarapu G.R.; Naqvi A.A.; Yadav A.; Rai S.K.; Srivastava S.; Singh D.; Mishra R.; Kumar S.,
Volatile components of leaves and flowers of periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don from New Delhi,
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. [all data]
Dohou, Yamni, et al., 2005
Dohou, N.; Yamni, K.; Badoc, A.; Tahrouch, S.; Idrissi Hassani, L.M.; Bessière, J.-M.,
Composés volatils de Thymelaea lythroides, endémique, ibéro-marocaine,
Bull. Soc. Pharm. Bordeaux, 2005, 144, 63-70. [all data]
de Beck, Bessière, et al., 2000
de Beck, P.O.; Bessière, J.M.; Dijoux-Franca, M.-G.; David, B.; Mariotte, A.-M.,
Volatile constituents from leaves and wood of Leea guineensis G. Don (Leeaceae) from Cameroon,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2000, 15, 3, 182-185, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200005/06)15:3<182::AID-FFJ888>3.0.CO;2-X
. [all data]
Okumura, 1991
Okumura, T.,
retention indices of environmental chemicals on methyl silicone capillary column,
Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Japan), 1991, 1, 2, 333-358, https://doi.org/10.5985/jec.1.333
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Weyerstahl, Marschall, et al., 1998
Weyerstahl, P.; Marschall, H.; Thefeld, K.; Subba, G.C.,
Constituents of the essential oil from the rhizomes of Hedychium gardnerianum Roscoe,
Flavour Fragr. J., 1998, 13, 6, 377-388, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199811/12)13:6<377::AID-FFJ755>3.0.CO;2-F
. [all data]
Mastelic, Jerkovic, et al., 2006
Mastelic, J.; Jerkovic, I.; Mesic, M.,
Volatile constituents from flowers, leaves, bark and wood of Prunus mahaleb L.,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 306-313, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1596
. [all data]
Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005, 2
Njoroge, S.M.; Koaze, H.; Mwaniki, M.; Minh Tu, N.T.; Sawamura, M.,
Essential oils of Kenyan Citrus fruits: volatile components of two varieties of mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and a tangelo (C. paradisi × C. tangerina),
Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 74-79, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1376
. [all data]
Njoroge, Koaze, et al., 2005, 3
Njoroge, S.M.; Koaze, H.; Karanja, P.N.; Sawamura, M.,
Essential oil constituents of three varieties of Kenyan sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis),
Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 80-85, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1377
. [all data]
Choi, 2004
Choi, H.-S.,
Volatile constituents of satsuma mandarins growing in Korea,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2004, 19, 5, 406-412, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1283
. [all data]
Choi, 2004, 2
Choi, H.-S.,
Aroma evaluation of an aquatic herb, changpo (Acorus calamus Var. angustatus Bess), by AEDA and SPME,
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Gyawali and Kim, 2012
Gyawali, R.; Kim, K.-S.,
Bioactive volatile compounds of three medicinal plants from Nepal,
Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci., Engineering and Technol., 2012, 8, 1, 51-62. [all data]
Welke, Manfroi, et al., 2012
Welke, J.E.; Manfroi, V.; Zanus, M.; Lazarotto, M.; Zini, C.A.,
Characterization of the volatile profile of Brazilian merlot wines through comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection,
J. Chromatogr. A, 2012, 1226, 124-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.002
. [all data]
Baser, Özek, et al., 2006
Baser, K.H.C.; Özek, G.; Özek, T.; Duran, A.; Duman, H.,
Composition of the essential oils of Rhabdosciadium oligocarpum (Post ex Boiss.) Hedge et Lamond and Rhabdosciadium microcalycinum Hand.-Mazz.,
Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 4, 650-655, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1639
. [all data]
Kosar, Özek, et al., 2005
Kosar, M.; Özek, T.; Göger, F.; Kürkcüoglu, M.; Hüsnü Can Baser, K.,
Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and Hydrodistillation Methods for the Analysis of Volatile Secondary Metabolites,
Pharm. Biol., 2005, 43, 6, 491-495, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200500220136
. [all data]
Baser, Özek, et al., 2004
Baser, K.H.C.; Özek, T.; Kirimer, N.; Deliorman, D.; Ergun, F.,
Composition of the essential oils of Galium aparine L. and Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. from Turkey,
J. Essent. Oil Res., 2004, 16, 4, 305-307, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698728
. [all data]
Erdemoglu, Sener, et al., 2003
Erdemoglu, N.; Sener, B.; Demirci, B.; Baser, K.H.C.,
The glycosidically bound volatile compounds of Taxus baccata,
Chem. Nat. Compd. (Engl. Transl.), 2003, 39, 2, 195-198, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024870031960
. [all data]
Kirimer, Tabanca, et al., 2000
Kirimer, N.; Tabanca, N.; Özek, T.; Tümen, G.; Baser, K.H.C.,
Essential oils of annual Sideritis species growing in Turkey,
Pharm. Biol., 2000, 38, 2, 106-111, https://doi.org/10.1076/1388-0209(200004)3821-1FT106
. [all data]
Chen, Keeran, et al., 2002
Chen, P.H.; Keeran, W.S.; Van Ausdale, W.A.; Schindler, D.R.; Roberts, D.W.,
Application of Lee retention indices to the confirmation of tentatively identified compounds from GC/MS analysis of environmental samples, Technical paper, Analytical Services Division, Environmental ScienceEngineering, Inc, PO Box 1703, Gainesville, FL 32602, 2002, 11. [all data]
Donnelly, Abdel-Hamid, et al., 1993
Donnelly, J.R.; Abdel-Hamid, M.S.; Jeter, J.L.; Gurka, D.F.,
Application of gas chromatographic retention properties to the identification of environmental contaminants,
J. Chromatogr., 1993, 642, 1-2, 409-415, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80106-I
. [all data]
Notes
Go To: Top, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Gas Chromatography, References
- Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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