Toluene

• Formula: C₇H₈
• Molecular weight: 92.1384
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3 Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 108-88-3
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
  The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
• Isotopologues:
  • Toluene-D3
  • Toluene-D8
• Other names: Benzene, methyl; Methacide; Methylbenzene; Methylbenzol; Phenylmethane; Antisal 1a; Toluol; Methane, phenyl-; NCI-C07272; Tolueen; Toluen; Toluolo; Rcra waste number U220; Tolu-sol; UN 1294; Dracyl; Monomethyl benzene; CP 25; NSC 406333; methylbenzene (toluene)
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• Information on this page:
  • Phase change data
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Gas Chromatography
  • Fluid Properties
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Microwave spectra (on physics lab web site)
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
  • NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index
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Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Reduced pressure boiling point

Enthalpy of vaporization

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH = A exp(-βT_r) (1 − T_r)^β
    Δ_vapH = Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) (kJ/mol)
    T_r = reduced temperature (T / T_c)

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Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962
Scott, D.W.; Guthrie, G.B.; Messerly, J.F.; Todd, S.S.; Berg, W.T.; Hossenlopp, I.A.; McCullough, J.P., Toluene: Thermodynamic Propoerties, Molecular Vibrations, and Internal Rotation, J. Phys. Chem., 1962, 66, 911-4. [all data]

Ziegler and Andrews, 1942
Ziegler, W.T.; Andrews, D.H., The heat capacity of benzene-d6, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 2482. [all data]

Stull, 1937
Stull, D.R., A Semi-micro Calorimeter for Measuring Heat Capacities at Low Temp., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1937, 59, 2726. [all data]

Kelley, 1929
Kelley, K.K., The heat capacity of toluene from 14 deg K to 298 deg K. the entropy and the free energy of formation., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1929, 51, 2738. [all data]

Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1995
Tsonopoulos, C.; Ambrose, D., Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1995, 40, 547-558. [all data]

Chirico and Steele, 1994
Chirico, R.D.; Steele, W.V., Reconciliation of Calorimetrically and Spectroscopically Derived Methyl Benzene. The Importance of the Third Virial Coefficient, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1994, 33, 157-67. [all data]

Goodwin, 1989
Goodwin, R.D., Toluene thermophysical properties from 178 to 800 K at pressures to 1000 Bar, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1989, 18, 1565-636. [all data]

Steele, Chirico, et al., 1988
Steele, W.V.; Chirico, R.D.; Knipmeyer, S.E.; Smith, N.K., , Report, NIPPR-395, 1988. [all data]

Simon, 1957
Simon, M., Methods and Apparatus Used at the Bureau of Physicochemical Standards XV. Critical Constants and Straight-Line Diameters of Ten Hydrocarbons, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1957, 66, 375-81. [all data]

Lenchitz and Velicky, 1970
Lenchitz, Charles; Velicky, Rodolf W., Vapor pressure and heat of sublimation of three nitrotoluenes, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1970, 15, 3, 401-403, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60046a022 . [all data]

Weast and Grasselli, 1989
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, 2nd Editon, Weast,R.C and Grasselli, J.G., ed(s)., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1989, 1. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Lee and Holder, 1993
Lee, Chang Ha; Holder, Gerald D., Vapor-liquid equilibria in the systems toluene/naphthalene and cyclohexane/naphthalene, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1993, 38, 2, 320-323, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00010a034 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Forziati, Norris, et al., 1949
Forziati, Alphonse F.; Norris, William R.; Rossini, Frederick D., Vapor pressures and boiling points of sixty API-NBS hydrocarbons, J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN., 1949, 43, 6, 555-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.043.050 . [all data]

Natarajan and Viswanath, 1985
Natarajan, Govindarajan; Viswanath, Dabir S., Enthalpy of vaporization and vapor pressure of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and tetralin between 1 and 16 bar, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1985, 30, 2, 137-140, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00040a001 . [all data]

Eubank, Cediel, et al., 1984
Eubank, P.T.; Cediel, L.E.; Holste, J.C.; Hall, K.R., Enthalpies for toluene and methylcyclohexane in the fluid state, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1984, 29, 389-393. [all data]

Rivenq, 1975
Rivenq, F., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1975, 1, 2433. [all data]

Gaw and Swinton, 1968
Gaw, W.J.; Swinton, F.L., Thermodynamic properties of binary systems containing hexafluorobenzene. Part 4.?Excess Gibbs free energies of the three systems hexafluorobenzene + benzene, touene, and p-xylene, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686402023 . [all data]

Van Ness, Soczek, et al., 1967
Van Ness, Hendrick C.; Soczek, C.A.; Peloquin, G.L.; Machado, R.L., Thermodynamic excess properties of three alcohol-hydrocarbon systems, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1967, 12, 2, 217-224, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60033a017 . [all data]

Scott, Gutherie, et al., 1962
Scott, D.W.; Gutherie, G.B.; Messerly, J.F.; Todd, S.S.; Berg, W.T.; Hossenlopp, I.A.; McCullough, J.P., Toluene: Thermodynamic properties, molecular vibrations, and internal rotation, J. Phys. Chem., 1962, 66, 911. [all data]

Milazzo, 1956
Milazzo, G., Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1956, 46, 1105. [all data]

Thomson, 1946
Thomson, George Wm., The Antoine Equation for Vapor-pressure Data., Chem. Rev., 1946, 38, 1, 1-39, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60119a001 . [all data]

Willingham, Taylor, et al., 1945
Willingham, C.B.; Taylor, W.J.; Pignocco, J.M.; Rossini, F.D., Vapor pressures and boiling points of some paraffin, alkylcyclopentane, alkylcyclohexane, and alkylbenzene hydrocarbons, J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN., 1945, 35, 3, 219-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 . [all data]

Pitzer and Scott, 1943
Pitzer, K.S.; Scott, D.W., The thermodynamics and molecular structure of benzene and its methyl derivatives, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 803-829. [all data]

Besley and Bottomley, 1974
Besley, L.M.; Bottomley, G.A., Vapour Pressure of Toluene from 273.15 to 298.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1974, 6, 6, 577-580, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(74)90045-7 . [all data]

Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2
Gaw, W.J.; Swinton, F.L., Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems Containing Hexafluorobenzene. Part 3. Excess Gibbs Free Energy of the System Hexafluorobenzene + Cyclohexane, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 637-647, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686400637 . [all data]

Ambrose, Broderick, et al., 1967
Ambrose, D.; Broderick, B.E.; Townsend, R., The Vapour Pressures Above the Normal Boiling Point and the Critical Pressures of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Soc. A:, 1967, 633-641, https://doi.org/10.1039/j19670000633 . [all data]

Williamham, Taylor, et al., 1945
Williamham, C.B.; Taylor, W.J.; Pignocco, J.M.; Rossini, F.D., Vapor Pressures and Boiling Points of Some Paraffin, Alkylcyclopentane, Alkylcyclohexane, and Alkylbenzene Hydrocarbons, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 . [all data]

Scott, Guthrie, et al., 1962, 2
Scott, D.W.; Guthrie, G.B.; Messerly, J.F.; Todd, S.S.; Berg, W.T.; Hossenlopp, I.A.; McCullough, J.P., Toluene: thermodynamic properties, molecular vibrations, and internal rotation, J. Phys. Chem., 1962, 66, 911-914. [all data]

Kelley, 1929, 2
Kelley, K.K., The heat capacity of toluene from 14K to 298K. The entropy and the free energy of formation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1929, 51, 2738-2741. [all data]

Ziegler and Andrews, 1942, 2
Ziegler, W.T.; Andrews, D.H., The heat capacity of benzene-d6, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1942, 64, 2482-2485. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Southard and Andrews, 1930
Southard, John C.; Andrews, Donald H., The heat capacities of organic compounds at low temperatures. iii. an adiabatic calorimeter for heat capacities at low temperatures, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1930, 209, 3, 349-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-0032(30)90040-3 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Phase change data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  Pc	Critical pressure
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Tfus	Fusion (melting) point
  Ttriple	Triple point temperature
  Vc	Critical volume
  ΔfusH	Enthalpy of fusion
  ΔfusS	Entropy of fusion
  ΔsubH°	Enthalpy of sublimation at standard conditions
  ΔvapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
  ΔvapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
  ρc	Critical density

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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