Citronellal

Formula: C₁₀H₁₈O
Molecular weight: 154.2493
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,8,10H,4,6-7H2,1-3H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: NEHNMFOYXAPHSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 106-23-0
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Stereoisomers:
- 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R)-
- (3S)-(-)-Citronellal
Other names: 6-Octenal, 3,7-dimethyl-; β-Citronellal; Rhodinal; 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal; Citronellel; 2,3-Dihydrocitral; NSC 46106; Citronella; Citronelal
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Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Equity-5MS	BP-1	HP-5	DB-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	50.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	N2	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.22	0.25	0.25	0.22
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	60.	50.	60.	55.
T_end (C)	250.	220.	220.	246.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	2.	5.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)			10.		2.
Final hold (min)	10.	20.			15.
I	1152.	1132.	1155.	1152.	1154.
Reference	Belsito E.L., Carbone C., et al., 2007	Duquesnoy, Castola, et al., 2007	Flamini, Tebano, et al., 2007	Hongratanaworakit and Buchbauer, 2007	Silva, Barbosa, et al., 2007
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	HP-5MS	DB-5	DB-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	60.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	50.	50.	70.
T_end (C)	240.	280.	250.	250.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	4.	5.	5.	2.
Initial hold (min)	2.	5.	2.	2.	2.
Final hold (min)					20.
I	1150.	1170.	1153.	1153.	1161.
Reference	Batista-Pereira, Fernandes, et al., 2006	Saroglou, Dorizas, et al., 2006	Su, Ho, et al., 2006	Su, Ho, et al., 2006, 2	Choi, 2005
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	MDN-5	DB-1	DB-5	DB-1	DB-1
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	25.
Carrier gas	He	He	N2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	1.	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	40.	40.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	250.	250.	230.	250.	180.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	4.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)			2.		10.
Final hold (min)		20.	10.	20.	10.
I	1150.	1133.	1160.	1131.	1159.
Reference	Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2005	Fanciullino, Gancel, et al., 2005	Fang and Qian, 2005	Gancel, Ollitrault, et al., 2005	bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5MS	Mega 5MS	RTX-5	RSL-200	HP-5
Column length (m)	60.	30.	30.	30.	50.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	H2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.2	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.2
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.2
T_start (C)	60.	40.	45.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	200.	240.	300.	280.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	3.	3.	6.	3.
Initial hold (min)		2.	6.	5.	15.
Final hold (min)	10.		10.	5.	40.
I	1148.	1146.	1156.	1154.	1152.
Reference	Smadja, Rondeau, et al., 2005	Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2005	Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2004	Ngassoum, Ousmaila, et al., 2004	Stashenko, Jaramillo, et al., 2004
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	SPB-1	SPB-1	SPB-1	SPB-1	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	25.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He			N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	35.	35.	35.	35.	70.
T_end (C)	225.	225.	225.	225.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	4.	4.	4.	2.
Initial hold (min)	5.	5.	10.	10.	2.
Final hold (min)	20.	20.			20.
I	1132.	1132.	1134.	1134.	1161.
Reference	Chisholm, Jell, et al., 2003	Chisholm, Jell, et al., 2003	Chisholm, Wilson, et al., 2003	Chisholm, Wilson, et al., 2003	Choi, 2003
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	DB-5	DB-5	DB-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He			He	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.32	0.32	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.5	0.5	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	40.	40.	75.	75.
T_end (C)	250.	265.	265.	230.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	7.	7.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)				10.	10.
Final hold (min)	20.	5.	5.	20.
I	1131.	1159.	1156.	1159.	1153.
Reference	Gancel, Ollitrault, et al., 2003	Högnadóttir and Rouseff, 2003	Högnadóttir and Rouseff, 2003	Jantan, Ling, et al., 2003	bin Jantan, Yassin, et al., 2003
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	MS5	RTX-5	HP-5	Mega 5MS	DB-1
Column length (m)	25.	30.	30.	30.	25.
Carrier gas		He	He	He	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	45.	40.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	180.	250.	240.	240.	180.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)		6.		2.	10.
Final hold (min)					10.
I	1155.	1152.	1155.	1146.	1138.
Reference	Shao, Marriott, et al., 2003	Shellie, Marriott, et al., 2003	Shellie and Marriott, 2003	Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2003	bin Jantan and bin Ahmad, 2002
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	SE-30	BP-1	RTX-5	HP-1	SPB-1
Column length (m)	25.	50.	30.	24.	15.
Carrier gas	N2	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.22	0.25	0.32	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.17	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	45.	60.	35.
T_end (C)	180.	220.	300.	250.	225.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	2.	3.	4.	6.
Initial hold (min)	10.		6.	2.	3.
Final hold (min)	10.	20.	10.	20.	10.
I	1138.	1130.	1155.	1130.	1134.
Reference	bin Jantan, Ayop, et al., 2002	Lota, de Rocca Serra, et al., 2002	Mondello, Zappia, et al., 2002	Nath, Sarma, et al., 2002	Chisholm, Wilson, et al., 2001
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	BP-1	HP-5	DB-5	BP-1
Column length (m)	30.	50.	30.	60.	50.
Carrier gas		He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.22	0.20	0.25	0.22
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	60.	60.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	240.	220.	180.	290.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	7.	2.	4.	4.	2.
Initial hold (min)			8.	2.
Final hold (min)	5.		2.	5.	35.
I	1138.	1130.	1152.	1137.	1130.
Reference	Lin and Rouseff, 2001	Lota, Serra, et al., 2001	Alonzo, Bosco, et al., 2000	Bartley and Jacobs, 2000	Lota, de Rocca Serra, et al., 2000
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	BP-1	RTX-5	DB-5	Mega 5MS	Mega 5MS
Column length (m)	50.	10.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	N2	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.22	0.1	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.1	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	50.	70.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	230.	350.	230.	240.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	12.3	2.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)				2.	2.
Final hold (min)	35.
I	1130.	1157.	1154.	1146.	1146.
Reference	Lota, de Rocca Serra, et al., 2000	Mondello, Zappia, et al., 2000	Song, Sawamura, et al., 2000	Verzera, la Rosa, et al., 2000	Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2000
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	BP-1	BP-1	DB-1	OV-101	OV-101
Column length (m)	50.	50.	60.	50.	50.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	N2	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.22	0.22	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	70.	80.	80.
T_end (C)	230.	230.	250.	200.	200.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	2.	2.5	2.	2.
Initial hold (min)			5.
Final hold (min)	35.	35.	15.
I	1130.	1130.	1146.	1132.	1135.
Reference	Lota, Serra, et al., 1999	Lota, Serra, et al., 1999	Combariza, Tirado, et al., 1994	Yang, Sugisawa, et al., 1992	Yang, Sugisawa, et al., 1992
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Belsito E.L., Carbone C., et al., 2007
Belsito E.L.; Carbone C.; Di Gioia M.L.; Leggio A.; Liguoiri A.; Perri F.; Siciliano C.; Viscomi M.C., Comparison of the volatile constituents in cold-pressed bergamot oil and a volatile oil isolated by vacuum distillation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 19, 7847-7851, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070997q . [all data]

Duquesnoy, Castola, et al., 2007
Duquesnoy, E.; Castola, V.; Casanova, J., Composition and chemical variability of the twig oil of Abies alba Miller from Corsica, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 4, 293-299, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1796 . [all data]

Flamini, Tebano, et al., 2007
Flamini, G.; Tebano, M.; Cioni, P.L., Volatiles emission patterns of different plant organs and pollen of Citrus limon, Anal. Chim. Acta., 2007, 589, 1, 120-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.053 . [all data]

Hongratanaworakit and Buchbauer, 2007
Hongratanaworakit, T.; Buchbauer, G., Chemical composition and stimulating effect of Citrus hystrix oil on humans, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 5, 443-449, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1820 . [all data]

Silva, Barbosa, et al., 2007
Silva, C.J.; Barbosa, L.C.A.; Maltha, C.R.A.; Pinheiro, A.L.; Ismail, F.M.D., Comparative study of the essential oils of seven Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) species grown in Brazil, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 6, 474-478, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1823 . [all data]

Batista-Pereira, Fernandes, et al., 2006
Batista-Pereira, L.G.; Fernandes, J.B.; Correa, A.G.; da Silva, M.F.G.F.; Vieira, P.C., Electrophysiological responses of eucalyptus brown looper Thyrinteina arnobia to essential oils of seven Eucalyptus species, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2006, 17, 3, 555-561, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532006000300019 . [all data]

Saroglou, Dorizas, et al., 2006
Saroglou, V.; Dorizas, N.; Kypriotakis, Z.; Skaltsa, H.D., Analysis of the essential oil composition of eight Anthemis species from Greece, J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1104, 1-2, 313-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.087 . [all data]

Su, Ho, et al., 2006
Su, Y.C.; Ho, C.L.; Wang, E.I.C., Analysis of leaf essential oils from the indigenous five conifers of Taiwan, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 3, 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1685 . [all data]

Su, Ho, et al., 2006, 2
Su, Y.-C.; Ho, C.-L.; Wang, E.I.-C.; Chang, S.-T., Antifungal activities and chemical compositions of essential oils from leaves of four eucalypts, Taiwan J. For. Sci., 2006, 21, 1, 49-61. [all data]

Choi, 2005
Choi, H.-S., Characteristic odor components of kumquat (Fortunella japonica Swingle) peel oil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 5, 1642-1647, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040324x . [all data]

Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2005
Dugo, P.; Mondello, L.; Favoino, O.; Cicero, L.; Rodriguez Zenteno, N.A.; Dugo, G., Characterization of cold-pressed Mexican dancy tangerine oils, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 60-66, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1367 . [all data]

Fanciullino, Gancel, et al., 2005
Fanciullino, A.-L.; Gancel, A.-L.; Froelicher, Y.; Luro, F.; Ollitrault, P.; Brillouet, J.-M., Effects of Nucleo-cytoplasmic Interactions on Leaf Volatile Compounds from Citrus Somatic Diploid Hybrids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 11, 4517-4523, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0502855 . [all data]

Fang and Qian, 2005
Fang, Y.; Qian, M., Aroma compounds in Oregon Pinot Noir wine determined by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 1, 22-29, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1551 . [all data]

Gancel, Ollitrault, et al., 2005
Gancel, A.-L.; Ollitrault, P.; Froelicher, Y.; Tomi, F.; Jacquemond, C.; Luro, F.; Brillouet, J.-M., Leaf volatile compounds of six citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids originating from various combinations of lime, lemon, citron, sweet orange, and grapefruit, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 6, 2224-2230, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048315b . [all data]

bin Jantan, Yalvema, et al., 2005
bin Jantan, I.; Yalvema, M.F.; Ahmad, N.W.; Jamal, J.A., Insecticidal activities of the leaf oils of eight Cinnamomum species against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, Pharm. Biol., 2005, 43, 6, 526-532, https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200500220771 . [all data]

Smadja, Rondeau, et al., 2005
Smadja, J.; Rondeau, P.; Sing, A.S.C., Volatile constituents of five Citrus Petitgrain essential oils from Reunion, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 4, 399-402, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1438 . [all data]

Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2005
Verzera, A.; Trozzi, A.; Zappala, M.; Condurso, C.; Cotroneo, A., Essential Oil Composition of Citrus meyerii Y. Tan. and Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante and Their Lemon Hybrids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 12, 4890-4894, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf047879c . [all data]

Dugo, Mondello, et al., 2004
Dugo, P.; Mondello, L.; Zappia, G.; Bonaccorsi, I.; Cotroneo, A.; Russo, M.T., The composition of the volatile fraction and the enantiomeric distribution of five volatile components of faustrime oil (Monocitrus australatica x Fortunella sp. x Citrus aurantifolia), J. Essent. Oil Res., 2004, 16, 4, 328-333, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698734 . [all data]

Ngassoum, Ousmaila, et al., 2004
Ngassoum, M.B.; Ousmaila, H.; Ngamo, L.T.; Maponmetsem, P.M.; Jirovetz, L.; Buchbauer, G., Aroma compounds of essential oils of two varieties of the spice plant Ocimum canum Sims from northern Cameroon, J. Food Comp. Anal., 2004, 17, 2, 197-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.08.002 . [all data]

Stashenko, Jaramillo, et al., 2004
Stashenko, E.E.; Jaramillo, B.E.; Martínez, J.R., Analysis of volatile secondary metabolites from Colombian Xylopia aromatica (Lamarck) by different extraction and headspace methods and gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1025, 1, 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.059 . [all data]

Chisholm, Jell, et al., 2003
Chisholm, M.G.; Jell, J.A.; Cass, D.M., Jr., Characterization of the major odorants found in the peel oil of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Clementine using gas chromatography-olfactometry, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 4, 275-281, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1188 . [all data]

Chisholm, Wilson, et al., 2003
Chisholm, M.G.; Wilson, M.A.; Gaskey, G.M., Characterization of aroma volatiles in key lime essential oils (Cirtrus aurantifolia Swingle), Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 2, 106-115, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1172 . [all data]

Choi, 2003
Choi, H.-S., Character impact odorants of Citrus Hallabong [(C. unshiu Marcov × C. sinensis Osbeck) × C. reticulata Blanco] cold-pressed peel oil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 9, 2687-2692, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021069o . [all data]

Gancel, Ollitrault, et al., 2003
Gancel, A.-L.; Ollitrault, P.; Froelicher, Y.; Tomi, F.; Jacquemond, C.; Luro, F.; Brillouet, J.-M., Leaf volatile compounds of seven citrus somatic tetraploid hybrids sharing willow leaf mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) as their common parent, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 20, 6006-6013, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0345090 . [all data]

Högnadóttir and Rouseff, 2003
Högnadóttir, Á.; Rouseff, R.L., Identification of aroma active compounds in organce essence oil using gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 2003, 998, 1-2, 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00524-7 . [all data]

Jantan, Ling, et al., 2003
Jantan, I.; Ling, Y.E.; Romli, S.; Ayop, N.; Ahmad, A.S., A comparative study of the constituents of the essential oils of three Cinnamomum species from Malaysia, J. Essent. Oil Res., 2003, 15, 6, 387-391, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9698618 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Yassin, et al., 2003
bin Jantan, I.; Yassin, M.S.M.; Chin, C.B.; Chen, L.L.; Sim. N.L., Antifungal activity of the essential oils of nine Zingiberaceae species, Pharm. Biol., 2003, 41, 5, 392-397, https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.5.392.15941 . [all data]

Shao, Marriott, et al., 2003
Shao, Y.; Marriott, P.; Shellie, R.; Hügel, H., Solid-phase micro-extraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of ginger (Zingiber officinale) volatiles, Flavour Fragr. J., 2003, 18, 1, 5-12, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1133 . [all data]

Shellie, Marriott, et al., 2003
Shellie, R.; Marriott, P.; Zappia, G.; Mondello, L.; Dugo, G., Interactive use of linear retention indices on polar and apolar columns with an MS-Library for reliable characterization of Australian tea tree and other Melaleuca sp. oils, J. Essent. Oil Res., 2003, 15, 5, 305-312, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9698597 . [all data]

Shellie and Marriott, 2003
Shellie, R.A.; Marriott, P.J., Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil using rapid scanning quadrupole mass spectrometry, Analyst, 2003, 128, 7, 879-883, https://doi.org/10.1039/b304371a . [all data]

Verzera, Trozzi, et al., 2003
Verzera, A.; Trozzi, A.; Gazea, F.; Cicciarelloi, G.; Cotroneo, A., Effects of rootstock on the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 1, 206-210, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0206872 . [all data]

bin Jantan and bin Ahmad, 2002
bin Jantan, I.; bin Ahmad, F., Chemical constituents of the essential oils of Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. and Thoms., Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 5, 372-374, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1107 . [all data]

bin Jantan, Ayop, et al., 2002
bin Jantan, I.; Ayop, N.; Hiong, A.B.; Ahmad, A.S., Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cinnamomum cordatum Kosterm, Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 3, 212-214, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1075 . [all data]

Lota, de Rocca Serra, et al., 2002
Lota, M.-L.; de Rocca Serra, D.; Tomi, F.; Jacquemond, C.; Casanova, J., Volatile components of peel and leaf oils of lemon and lime species, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 4, 796-805, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010924l . [all data]

Mondello, Zappia, et al., 2002
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Notes

Go To: Top, Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, References

Symbols used in this document:

T_end Final temperature

T_start Initial temperature
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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