Butanal

Data at NIST subscription sites:

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.


Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas-211.8 ± 0.92kJ/molCmWiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991ALS
Δfgas-204.4 ± 1.4kJ/molChydBuckley and Cox, 1967ALS
Δfgas-206.7kJ/molN/ANicholson, 1960Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -240.3 kj/mol from Nicholson, 1960 and ΔvapH° value of 33.6 kj/mol from Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991.; DRB
Δfgas-205.1kJ/molN/ATjebbes, 1960Value computed using ΔfHliquid° value of -238.7±0.7 kj/mol from Tjebbes, 1960 and ΔvapH° value of 33.6 kj/mol from Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991.; DRB
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas344.8 ± 4.2J/mol*KN/AChermin, 1961This value calculated from calorimetric data is close to value of 345.5(2.3) J/mol*K obtained from equilibrium measurements [ Buckley E., 1967].; GT

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid-245.4 ± 0.84kJ/molCmWiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991ALS
Δfliquid-238.1 ± 1.5kJ/molChydBuckley and Cox, 1967ALS
Δfliquid-240.3kJ/molCcbNicholson, 1960ALS
Δfliquid-238.7 ± 0.71kJ/molCcbTjebbes, 1960ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcliquid-2477.1 ± 1.4kJ/molCcbNicholson, 1960Corresponding Δfliquid = -240.2 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Δcliquid-2478.7 ± 0.71kJ/molCcbTjebbes, 1960Corresponding Δfliquid = -238.7 kJ/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid242.7J/mol*KN/AVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989DH
liquid246.9J/mol*KN/AParks, Kennedy, et al., 1956Extrapolation below 80 K, 43.93 J/mol*K.; DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
164.7298.15Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989T = 11 to 330 K.; DH
163.51298.15Parks, Kennedy, et al., 1956T = 80 to 300 K.; DH

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil348. ± 2.KAVGN/AAverage of 31 out of 33 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus176. ± 2.KAVGN/AAverage of 8 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple176.28KN/AVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989, 2Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; corrected to 100 % purity by extrapolation; TRC
Ttriple176.8KN/AWilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Ttriple176.8KN/AParks, Kennedy, et al., 1956, 2Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc537.1KN/AAnselme and Teja, 1990Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 4. K; TRC
Tc537.2KN/ATeja and Rosenthal, 1990Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.8 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc43.20barN/ATeja and Rosenthal, 1990Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1.00 bar; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ρc3.88mol/lN/AAnselme and Teja, 1990Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.07 mol/l; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap33.2kJ/molCGCChickos, Hosseini, et al., 1995Based on data from 313. - 353. K.; AC
Δvap33.6kJ/molN/AWiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991DRB
Δvap33.7 ± 0.4kJ/molEBBuckley and Cox, 1967, 2See also Verevkin, Krasnykh, et al., 2003.; AC
Δvap33.7 ± 0.4kJ/molVBuckley and Cox, 1967ALS
Δvap33.7kJ/molN/ABuckley and Cox, 1967DRB

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
34.2308.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 293. - 349. K.; AC
32.9339.EBWojtasinski, 1963Based on data from 330. - 348. K.; AC
33.3319.N/ASeprakova, Paulech, et al., 1959Based on data from 304. - 347. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
33.9306.N/AKuchinskaya, 1938Based on data from 258. - 353. K.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
303.86 - 347.183.59112952.851-82.569Seprakova, Paulech, et al., 1959, 2Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
10.773176.28Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989DH
11.09176.8Domalski and Hearing, 1996See also Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989, 2.; AC
11.104176.8Parks, Kennedy, et al., 1956DH

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
61.11176.28Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989DH
62.81176.8Parks, Kennedy, et al., 1956DH

Enthalpy of phase transition

ΔHtrs (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
0.0769192.2liquidliquidVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989T = 180 to 210 K.; DH
0.0634284.8liquidliquidVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989T = 260 to 280 K.; DH

Entropy of phase transition

ΔStrs (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Initial Phase Final Phase Reference Comment
0.388192.2liquidliquidVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989T; DH
0.223284.8liquidliquidVasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989T; DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C4H7O- + Hydrogen cation = Butanal

By formula: C4H7O- + H+ = C4H8O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1526. ± 8.8kJ/molD-EAAlconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001gas phase; B
Δr1523. ± 9.6kJ/molD-EAZimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977gas phase; B
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1499. ± 9.6kJ/molH-TSAlconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001gas phase; B
Δr1496. ± 10.kJ/molH-TSZimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977gas phase; B

Nitric oxide anion + Butanal = (Nitric oxide anion • Butanal)

By formula: NO- + C4H8O = (NO- • C4H8O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr164.kJ/molICRReents and Freiser, 1981gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M

Butane, 1,1-dimethoxy + Water = Butanal + 2Methyl Alcohol

By formula: C6H14O2 + H2O = C4H8O + 2CH4O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr36.2 ± 0.1kJ/molCmWiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994liquid phase; ALS
Δr36.53 ± 0.096kJ/molEqkWiberg and Squires, 1981liquid phase; ALS

Hydrogen + 2-Butenal = Butanal

By formula: H2 + C4H6O = C4H8O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-104.2 ± 0.42kJ/molChydDolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -105.3 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355°K; ALS

(CAS Reg. No. 26232-84-8 • 4294967295Butanal) + Butanal = CAS Reg. No. 26232-84-8

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 26232-84-8 • 4294967295C4H8O) + C4H8O = CAS Reg. No. 26232-84-8

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr175. ± 9.2kJ/molN/ABartmess, Scott, et al., 1979gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B

Butanal + Hydrogen = 1-Butanol

By formula: C4H8O + H2 = C4H10O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-81.88 ± 0.75kJ/molCmWiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991liquid phase; ALS
Δr-70.5 ± 1.3kJ/molChydBuckley and Cox, 1967gas phase; ALS

Magnesium ion (1+) + Butanal = (Magnesium ion (1+) • Butanal)

By formula: Mg+ + C4H8O = (Mg+ • C4H8O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr280. ± 20.kJ/molICROperti, Tews, et al., 1988gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(Mg+)CH3OH; M

Butanal + 2Methyl Alcohol = Butane, 1,1-dimethoxy + Water

By formula: C4H8O + 2CH4O = C6H14O2 + H2O

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-59. ± 1.kJ/molCmWiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994gas phase; ALS

3Butanal = 1,3,5-Trioxane, 2,4,6-tripropyl-

By formula: 3C4H8O = C12H24O3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-29.45kJ/molEqkOgorodnikov, Katsnel'son, et al., 1990liquid phase; PMR; ALS

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Gas Phase Spectrum

Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.

IR spectrum
For Zoom
1.) Enter the desired X axis range (e.g., 100, 200)
2.) Check here for automatic Y scaling
3.) Press here to zoom

Notice: Concentration information is not available for this spectrum and, therefore, molar absorptivity values cannot be derived.

Additional Data

View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).

View spectrum image in SVG format.

Download spectrum in JCAMP-DX format.

Owner NIST Standard Reference Data Program
Collection (C) 2018 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin Sadtler Research Labs Under US-EPA Contract
State gas

This IR spectrum is from the NIST/EPA Gas-Phase Infrared Database .


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

Notice: This spectrum may be better viewed with a Javascript and HTML 5 enabled browser.

Mass spectrum
For Zoom
1.) Enter the desired X axis range (e.g., 100, 200)
2.) Check here for automatic Y scaling
3.) Press here to zoom

Additional Data

View image of digitized spectrum (can be printed in landscape orientation).

Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.

Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
NIST MS number 19131

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991
Wiberg, K.B.; Crocker, L.S.; Morgan, K.M., Thermochemical studies of carbonyl compounds. 5. Enthalpies of reduction of carbonyl groups, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 3447-3450. [all data]

Buckley and Cox, 1967
Buckley, E.; Cox, J.D., Chemical equilibria. Part 2.-Dehydrogenation of propanol and butanol, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 895-901. [all data]

Nicholson, 1960
Nicholson, G.R., 478. The heats of combustion of butanal and heptanal, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 2377-2378. [all data]

Tjebbes, 1960
Tjebbes, J., Heats of combustion of butannal and some related compounds, Acta Chem. Scand., 1960, 14, 180-188. [all data]

Chermin, 1961
Chermin, H.A.G., Thermo data for petrochemicals. Part 27: Gaseous normal aldehydes. The important thermo properties are presented for all the gaseous normal aldehydes from formaldehyde through decaldehyde, Pet. Refin., 1961, 40, 181-184. [all data]

Buckley E., 1967
Buckley E., Chemical equilibria. Part 2. Dehydrogenation of propanol and butanol, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 895-901. [all data]

Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989
Vasil'ev, V.G.; Lebedev, B.V., Thermodynamics of butanal in the temperature range 0-330K, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 1989, 59(11), 2415-2420. [all data]

Parks, Kennedy, et al., 1956
Parks, G.S.; Kennedy, W.D.; Gates, R.R.; Mosley, J.R.; Moore, G.E.; Renquist, M.L., Thermal data on organic compounds. XXVI. Some heat capacity, entropy and free energy data for seven compounds containing oxygen., Not In System, 1956, 78, 56-59. [all data]

Vasil'ev and Lebedev, 1989, 2
Vasil'ev, V.G.; Lebedev, B.V., Thermodynamics of butanal in the temperature range 0-330 K, Zh. Obshch. Khim., 1989, 59, 11, 2415. [all data]

Wilhoit, Chao, et al., 1985
Wilhoit, R.C.; Chao, J.; Hall, K.R., Thermodynamic Properties of Key Organic Compounds in the Carbon Range C1 to C4. Part 1. Properties of Condensed Phases, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1985, 14, 1. [all data]

Parks, Kennedy, et al., 1956, 2
Parks, G.S.; Kennedy, W.D.; Gates, R.R.; Mosley, J.R.; Moore, G.E.; Renquist, M.L., Thermal Data on Organic Compounds XXVI. Some Heat Capacity, Entropy and Free Energy Data for Seven Compounds Containing Oxygen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1956, 78, 56-9. [all data]

Anselme and Teja, 1990
Anselme, M.J.; Teja, A.S., The critical properties of rapidly reacting substances, AIChE Symp. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 128-32. [all data]

Teja and Rosenthal, 1990
Teja, A.S.; Rosenthal, D.J., The Critical Pressures and Temperatures of Twelve Substances Using A Low Residence Time Flow Apparatus, AIChE Symp. Ser., 1990, 86, 279, 133-7. [all data]

Chickos, Hosseini, et al., 1995
Chickos, James S.; Hosseini, Sarah; Hesse, Donald G., Determination of vaporization enthalpies of simple organic molecules by correlations of changes in gas chromatographic net retention times, Thermochimica Acta, 1995, 249, 41-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90670-3 . [all data]

Buckley and Cox, 1967, 2
Buckley, E.; Cox, J.D., Chemical equilibria. Part 2.?Dehydrogenation of propanol and butanol, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1967, 63, 895, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9676300895 . [all data]

Verevkin, Krasnykh, et al., 2003
Verevkin, Sergey P.; Krasnykh, Eugen L.; Vasiltsova, Tatiana V.; Koutek, Bohumir; Doubsky, Jan; Heintz, Andreas, Vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of a series of the linear aliphatic aldehydes, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2003, 206, 1-2, 331-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3812(03)00035-9 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Wojtasinski, 1963
Wojtasinski, Jerome G., Measurement of Total Pressures for Determining Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Relations of the Binary System Isobutyraldehyde n-Butyraldehyde., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1963, 8, 3, 381-385, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a028 . [all data]

Seprakova, Paulech, et al., 1959
Seprakova, M.; Paulech, J.; Dykyj, J., Chem. Zvesti, 1959, 13, 5, 313. [all data]

Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984
Boublik, T.; Fried, V.; Hala, E., The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances: Selected Values of the Temperature Dependence of the Vapour Pressures of Some Pure Substances in the Normal and Low Pressure Region, 2nd ed., Elsevier, New York, 1984, 972. [all data]

Kuchinskaya, 1938
Kuchinskaya, K., Vapor pressures of pure substances, Sbornik Trudov Opytnogo Zavoda im. Akad. S. V. Lebedeva, 1938, 27-30. [all data]

Seprakova, Paulech, et al., 1959, 2
Seprakova, M.; Paulech, J.; Dykyj, J., Dampfdruck der Butyraldehyde, Chem. Zvesti, 1959, 13, 313-316. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Alconcel, Deyerl, et al., 2001
Alconcel, L.S.; Deyerl, H.J.; Continetti, R.E., Effects of alkyl substitution on the energetics of enolate anions and radicals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 50, 12675-12681, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0120431 . [all data]

Zimmerman, Reed, et al., 1977
Zimmerman, A.H.; Reed, K.J.; Brauman, J.I., Photodetachment of electrons from enolate anions. Gas phase electron affinities of enolate radicals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 7203. [all data]

Reents and Freiser, 1981
Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S., Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]

Farid and McMahon, 1978
Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B., Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(78)80037-0 . [all data]

Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994
Wiberg, K.B.; Morgan, K.M.; Maltz, H., Thermochemistry of carbonyl reactions. 6. A study of hydration equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11067-11077. [all data]

Wiberg and Squires, 1981
Wiberg, K.B.; Squires, R.R., Thermochemical studies of carbonyl reactions. 2. Steric effects in acetal and ketal hydrolysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4473-4478. [all data]

Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938
Dolliver, M.A.; Gresham, T.L.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. VI. Heats of hydrogenation of some oxygen-containing compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 440-450. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979
Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr., The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]

Operti, Tews, et al., 1988
Operti, L.; Tews, E.C.; Freiser, B.S., Determination of Gas-Phase Ligand Binding Energies to Mg+ by FTMS Techniques, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 12, 3847, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a020 . [all data]

Ogorodnikov, Katsnel'son, et al., 1990
Ogorodnikov, A.L.; Katsnel'son, M.G.; Pinson, V.V.; Levin, Yu.V., Study of thermodynamic characteristics of a butyraldehyde-cyclic trimer system, Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 1990, 63, 1340-1343. [all data]


Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), References