carbon

• Formula: C
• Molecular weight: 12.0107
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7440-44-0
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file
• Species with the same structure:
  • diamond
  • Graphite
  • Carbon
• Other names: activated carbon
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • References
  • Notes
• Options:
  • Switch to calorie-based units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.

Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

View plot Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser.

View table.

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Constant pressure heat capacity of solid

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (C⁺ • 8C) + C = (C⁺ • 9C)

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (C⁺ • 6C) + C = (C⁺ • 7C)

(C₄^- • 4294967295) +  = C₄^-

By formula: (C₄^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₄^-

4 +  = 2 +  + 3

By formula: 4Na + C₂ClF₃ = 2C + ClNa + 3FNa

(C₆^- • 4294967295) +  = C₆^-

By formula: (C₆^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₆^-

(C₇^- • 4294967295) +  = C₇^-

By formula: (C₇^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₇^-

(C₃^- • 4294967295) +  = C₃^-

By formula: (C₃^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₃^-

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (C⁺ • C) + C = (C⁺ • 2C)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (C^- • 2C) + C = (C^- • 3C)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (C^- • 3C) + C = (C^- • 4C)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (C^- • C) + C = (C^- • 2C)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (C⁺ • 2C) + C = (C⁺ • 3C)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (C⁺ • 3C) + C = (C⁺ • 4C)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (C⁺ • 4C) + C = (C⁺ • 5C)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (C⁺ • 5C) + C = (C⁺ • 6C)

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (C⁺ • 7C) + C = (C⁺ • 8C)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (C^- • 4C) + C = (C^- • 5C)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (C^- • 5C) + C = (C^- • 6C)

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (C^- • 6C) + C = (C^- • 7C)

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (C^- • 7C) + C = (C^- • 8C)

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (C^- • 8C) + C = (C^- • 9C)

 + 4 = 4 + 8

By formula: C₄F₈ + 4Na = 4C + 8FNa

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C⁺ + C = (C⁺ • C)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C^- + C = (C^- • C)

( • 6) +  = ( •  • 6)

By formula: (C⁺ • 6C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 6C)

( • 7) +  = ( •  • 7)

By formula: (C⁺ • 7C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 7C)

( • 4294967295) +  =

By formula: (CH^- • 4294967295C) + C = CH^-

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (C⁺ • 2C) + C₂ = (C⁺ • C₂ • 2C)

( • 2) +  = ( •  • 2)

By formula: (C⁺ • 2C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 2C)

( • 3) +  = ( •  • 3)

By formula: (C⁺ • 3C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 3C)

( • 4) +  = ( •  • 4)

By formula: (C⁺ • 4C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 4C)

( • 5) +  = ( •  • 5)

By formula: (C⁺ • 5C) + C₃ = (C⁺ • C₃ • 5C)

(CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8 • 4294967295C) + C = CAS Reg. No. 146831-35-8

( • 9) +  = ( • 10)

By formula: (C⁺ • 9C) + C = (C⁺ • 10C)

 + 2 = 2 + 4

By formula: C₂F₄ + 2H₂ = 2C + 4HF

4 +  =  + 4

By formula: 4Na + CF₄ = C + 4FNa

8 +  = 3 + 8

By formula: 8Na + C₃F₈ = 3C + 8FNa

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Anion protonation reactions

 +  =

By formula: C^- + H⁺ = CH

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C⁺ + C = (C⁺ • C)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (C⁺ • C) + C = (C⁺ • 2C)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (C⁺ • 2C) + C = (C⁺ • 3C)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (C⁺ • 3C) + C = (C⁺ • 4C)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (C⁺ • 4C) + C = (C⁺ • 5C)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (C⁺ • 5C) + C = (C⁺ • 6C)

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (C⁺ • 6C) + C = (C⁺ • 7C)

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (C⁺ • 7C) + C = (C⁺ • 8C)

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (C⁺ • 8C) + C = (C⁺ • 9C)

( • 9) +  = ( • 10)

By formula: (C⁺ • 9C) + C = (C⁺ • 10C)

 +  = ( • )

By formula: C^- + C = (C^- • C)

( • ) +  = ( • 2)

By formula: (C^- • C) + C = (C^- • 2C)

( • 2) +  = ( • 3)

By formula: (C^- • 2C) + C = (C^- • 3C)

( • 3) +  = ( • 4)

By formula: (C^- • 3C) + C = (C^- • 4C)

( • 4) +  = ( • 5)

By formula: (C^- • 4C) + C = (C^- • 5C)

( • 5) +  = ( • 6)

By formula: (C^- • 5C) + C = (C^- • 6C)

( • 6) +  = ( • 7)

By formula: (C^- • 6C) + C = (C^- • 7C)

( • 7) +  = ( • 8)

By formula: (C^- • 7C) + C = (C^- • 8C)

( • 8) +  = ( • 9)

By formula: (C^- • 8C) + C = (C^- • 9C)

( • 4294967295) +  =

By formula: (CH^- • 4294967295C) + C = CH^-

(C₃^- • 4294967295) +  = C₃^-

By formula: (C₃^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₃^-

(C₄^- • 4294967295) +  = C₄^-

By formula: (C₄^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₄^-

(C₆^- • 4294967295) +  = C₆^-

By formula: (C₆^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₆^-

(C₇^- • 4294967295) +  = C₇^-

By formula: (C₇^- • 4294967295C) + C = C₇^-

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Takahashi and Westrum, 1970
Takahashi, Y.; Westrum, E.F., Jr., Glassy carbon. Low-temperature thermodynamic properties, J. Chem. Thermodynam., 1970, 2, 847-854. [all data]

Lutcov, Volga, et al., 1970
Lutcov, A.I.; Volga, V.I.; Dymov, B.K., Thermal conductivity, electric resistivity and specific heat of dense graphites, Carbon, 1970, 8, 753-760. [all data]

Dobrosavljevic, Perovic, et al., 1987
Dobrosavljevic, A.; Perovic, N.; Maglic, K., Thermophysical properties of POCO AXM-5Q1 graphite in the 300 to 1800 K range, High Temperatures-High Pressures, 1987, 19, 303-310. [all data]

Honig and Kramer, 1969
Honig, R.E.; Kramer, D.A., Vapor pressure data for the solid and liquid elements, RCA Rev., 1969, 1969, 285. [all data]

Chang, Ryoo, et al., 1985
Chang, M.C.; Ryoo, R.; Jhon, M.S., Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Carbon, Carbon, 1985, 23, 5, 481. [all data]

Pargellis, 1990
Pargellis, A.N., Estimating Carbon Cluster Binding Energies from Measured Cn Distributions, n <= 10, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 93, 3, 2099, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.459035 . [all data]

Radi, Rincon, et al., 1989
Radi, P.P.; Rincon, M.E.; Hsu, M.T.; Brodbelt-Lustig, J.; Kemper, P.; Bowers, M.T., Structure, Reactivity and Energetics of Covalently Bound Carbon Cluster Ions, C5+ to C11+: Experiment and Theory, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 16, 6187, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100353a045 . [all data]

Arnold, Bradforth, et al., 1991
Arnold, D.W.; Bradforth, S.E.; Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Neumark, D.M., Vibrationally Resolved Spectra of C2-C11 by Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 12, 8753, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461211 . [all data]

Zhao, de Beer, et al., 1996
Zhao, Y.; de Beer, E.; Xu, C.; Taylor, T.; Neumark, D.M., Spectroscopy and Electron Detachment Dynamics of C4-, C6- and C8-, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 105, 12, 4905, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.472341 . [all data]

Kolesov, Zenkov, et al., 1963
Kolesov, V.P.; Zenkov, I.D.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of chlorotrifluoroethylene, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1963, 37, 115-116. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Arnold, Zhao, et al., 1992
Arnold, C.C.; Zhao, Y.X.; Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Neumark, D.M., Study of C6(-) and C6 with Threshold Photodetachment Spectroscopy and Autodetachment Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 97, 9, 6121, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463722 . [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1968
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Enthalpy of formation of some specimens of amorphous carbon, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1968, 42, 1218-1220. [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1964
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of perfluorocyclobutane, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1964, 38, 930-931. [all data]

Kasdan, Herbst, et al., 1975
Kasdan, A.; Herbst, E.; Lineberger, W.C., Laser photoelectron spectrometry of CH₂^-, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 31, 78. [all data]

Kitsopoulos, Chick, et al., 1991
Kitsopoulos, T.N.; Chick, C.J.; Zhao, Y.; Neumark, D.M., Threshold Photodetachment Spectroscopy of C-5(-), J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 95, 7, 5479, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.461664 . [all data]

Neugebauer and Margrave, 1956
Neugebauer, C.A.; Margrave, J.L., The heats of formation of tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethylene, J. Phys. Chem., 1956, 60, 1318-1321. [all data]

Vorob'ev and Skuratov, 1960
Vorob'ev, A.F.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpies of formation of CF₄, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 1960, 5, 1398-1401. [all data]

Kolesov, Talakin, et al., 1967
Kolesov, V.P.; Talakin, O.G.; Skuratov, S.M., Standard enthalpy of formation of perfluoropropane and enthalpies of formation of normal perfluoroalkanes, Vestn. Mosk. Univ. Khim., 1967, 22, 38-42. [all data]

Scheer, Bilodeau, et al., 1998
Scheer, M.; Bilodeau, R.C.; Brodie, C.A.; Haugen, H.K., Systematic study of the stable states of C-, Si-, Ge-, and Sn- via infrared laser spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. A, 1998, 58, 4, 2844-2856, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.58.2844 . [all data]

Feldmann, 1977
Feldmann, D., Infrared Photodetachment Measurements Near Thresholds of C-, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1977, 47, 2, 338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(77)80032-8 . [all data]

Honig, 1954
Honig, R.E., Mass spectrometric study of the molecular sublimation of graphite, J. Chem. Phys., 1954, 22, 126. [all data]

Lide, 1992
Lide, D.R. (Editor), Ionization potentials of atoms and atomic ions in Handbook of Chem. and Phys., 1992, 10-211. [all data]

Kelly, 1987
Kelly, R.L., Atomic and ionic spectrum lines of hydrogen through kryton, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16. [all data]

Haque and Gingerich, 1981
Haque, R.; Gingerich, K.A., Identification and atomization energies of gaseous molecules ScC₂, ScC₃, ScC₄, ScC₅, and ScC₆ by high temperature mass spectrometry, J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 74, 6407. [all data]

Gupta and Gingerich, 1979
Gupta, S.K.; Gingerich, K.A., Observation and atomization energies of the gaseous uranium carbides, UC, UC₂, UC₃, UC₄, UC₅, and UC₆ by high temperature mass spectrometry, J. Chem. Phys., 1979, 71, 3072. [all data]

Gingerich and Gupta, 1978
Gingerich, K.A.; Gupta, K.A., Dissociation energies of the molecules RhTh and RhU from high temperature mass spectrometry and predicted thermodynamic stabilities of selected diatomic actinide-platinum metal intermetallic molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1978, 69, 505. [all data]

Cocke and Gingerich, 1974
Cocke, D.L.; Gingerich, K.A., Thermodynamic investigation of the gaseous molecules TiRh, Rh₂, and Ti₂Rh by mass spectrometry, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 1958. [all data]

Cocke, Gingerich, et al., 1973
Cocke, D.L.; Gingerich, K.A.; Kordis, J., Determination of the high bond dissociation energy of the molecule LaRh, High Temp. Sci., 1973, 5, 474. [all data]

Cocke and Gingerich, 1972
Cocke, D.L.; Gingerich, K.A., Determination of the heats of atomization of the molecules RhC₂, RhC, and TiC₂ by high temperature mass spectrometry, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 57, 3654. [all data]

Cocke and Gingerich, 1972, 2
Cocke, D.L.; Gingerich, K.A., Mass spectrometric determination of the bond dissociation energies of the molecules CePd and CeC₂, J. Phys. Chem., 1972, 76, 2332. [all data]

Moore, 1970
Moore, C.E., Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.), 1970, 34, 1. [all data]

Drowart, Burns, et al., 1959
Drowart, J.; Burns, R.P.; DeMaria, G.; Inghram, M.G., Mass spectrometric study of carbon vapor, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 31, 1131. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  Cp,solid	Constant pressure heat capacity of solid
  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  S°gas,1 bar	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
  S°solid,1 bar	Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar)
  Tboil	Boiling point
  Tc	Critical temperature
  Vc	Critical volume
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
• Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.