Hydronium cation


Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
gas,1 bar45.949cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in June, 1966

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Reactions 1 to 50

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 3H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr17.3 ± 0.9kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 9 out of 16 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28. ± 2.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 6 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.4kcal/molFABierbaum, Golde, et al., 1976gas phase

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
9.1300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase
9.2296.SAMSPuckett and Teague, 1971gas phase
8.4300.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970gas phase
8.3307.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970, 2gas phase

Hydronium cation + Water = (Hydronium cation • Water)

By formula: H3O+ + H2O = (H3O+ • H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr32. ± 2.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 out of 14 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28. ± 7.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
8.1300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 2H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr20. ± 1.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 out of 14 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22. ± 4.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
8.6300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 3Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 4Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 4H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13. ± 4.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 6 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr24. ± 5.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.5kcal/molFABierbaum, Golde, et al., 1976gas phase

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
5.8293.ES/HPMSKlassen, Blades, et al., 1995gas phase
5.4296.SAMSPuckett and Teague, 1971gas phase
5.0300.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970gas phase
5.0307.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970, 2gas phase
7.0300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 4Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 5Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 4H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 5H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12. ± 2.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 8 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr24. ± 4.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
4.5293.ES/HPMSKlassen, Blades, et al., 1995gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 5Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 6Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 5H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 6H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.7kcal/molPHPMSLau, Ikuta, et al., 1982gas phase
Δr11.7kcal/molHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr16.09kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.1cal/mol*KPHPMSLau, Ikuta, et al., 1982gas phase
Δr29.6cal/mol*KHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr82.69cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

(Hydronium cation • 6Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 7Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 6H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 7H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Δr10.3kcal/molHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr12.03kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.cal/mol*KHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr52.31cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

Hydronium cation + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Carbon dioxide)

By formula: H3O+ + CO2 = (H3O+ • CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr14.3kcal/molPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Δr15.3kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Δr14.4kcal/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr21.2cal/mol*KPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Δr24.6cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Δr20.7cal/mol*KPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 12Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 13Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 12H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 13H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.30kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 13Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 14Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 13H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 14H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.60kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.8kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.85cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 14Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 15Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 14H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 15H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.72kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr40.38cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 15Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 16Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 15H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 16H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.82kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.0kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr42.15cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 16Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 17Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 16H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 17H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.76kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.6kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr41.38cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 17Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 18Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 17H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 18H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.75kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr40.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 18Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 19Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 18H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 19H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.66kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.0kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr41.00cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 19Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 20Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 19H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 20H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.54kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr9.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 20Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 21Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 20H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 21H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.43kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 21Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 22Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 21H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 22H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.32kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.9kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 22Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 23Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 22H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 23H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.45kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.4kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr38.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 23Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 24Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 23H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 24H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.28kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.6kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 24Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 25Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 24H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 25H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.06kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr36.16cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 10Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 11Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 10H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 11H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.30kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 11Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 12Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 11H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 12H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.83kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.9kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr33.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 25Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 26Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 25H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 26H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.72kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr32.85cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 26Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 27Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 26H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 27H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.41kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr8.2kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr30.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 9Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 10Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 9H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 10H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.88kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr25.77cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 8Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 9Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 8H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 9H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.78kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 7Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 8Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 7H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 8H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.77kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr33.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 3Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • 3H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • 3H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1.2kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr6.4cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate

(Hydronium cation • 3Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 4Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 4N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.2kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr21.cal/mol*KN/AHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated

(Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 4Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 4N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr3.kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate

(Hydronium cation • 27Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 28Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 27H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 28H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.06kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.77cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Methane) + Methane = (Hydronium cation • 2Methane)

By formula: (H3O+ • CH4) + CH4 = (H3O+ • 2CH4)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr3.4kcal/molHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.1cal/mol*KHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

(Hydronium cation • 4Water) + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide • 4Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 4H2O) + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S • 4H2O)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
2.6300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields
2.6300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.0 ± 2.7kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28.4cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Hydrogen cyanide = (Hydronium cation • Hydrogen cyanide • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + CHN = (H3O+ • CHN • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr19.8kcal/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Speller, 1989gas phase; n
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr29.3cal/mol*KPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Speller, 1989gas phase; n

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8. ± 2.kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.2kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr16.6cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 3Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • 3H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • 3H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr4.4kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr15.7cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr4.9kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13.1cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 3N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.2kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.0kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr14.3cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 2N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.1kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr23.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.3kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13.9cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Carbon dioxide) + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • 3Carbon dioxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2CO2) + CO2 = (H3O+ • 3CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.5kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.9cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Carbon dioxide) + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • 2Carbon dioxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • CO2) + CO2 = (H3O+ • 2CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.4kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.5cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase

Hydronium cation + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • Nitrous oxide)

By formula: H3O+ + N2O = (H3O+ • N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr16.9kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

Hydronium cation + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide)

By formula: H3O+ + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.0kcal/molPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.7cal/mol*KPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase

Hydronium cation + Methane = (Hydronium cation • Methane)

By formula: H3O+ + CH4 = (H3O+ • CH4)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.0kcal/molHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr20.4cal/mol*KHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 3Water) + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3H2O) + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S • 3H2O)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
4.2300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

Hydronium cation + Methane = (Hydronium cation • Methane)

By formula: H3O+ + CH4 = (H3O+ • CH4)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.0kcal/molHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr20.4cal/mol*KHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Methane) + Methane = (Hydronium cation • 2Methane)

By formula: (H3O+ • CH4) + CH4 = (H3O+ • 2CH4)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr3.4kcal/molHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.1cal/mol*KHPMSBennet and Field, 1972gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

Hydronium cation + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Carbon dioxide)

By formula: H3O+ + CO2 = (H3O+ • CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr14.3kcal/molPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Δr15.3kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Δr14.4kcal/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr21.2cal/mol*KPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Δr24.6cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Δr20.7cal/mol*KPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Carbon dioxide) + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • 2Carbon dioxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • CO2) + CO2 = (H3O+ • 2CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.4kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.5cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Carbon dioxide) + Carbon dioxide = (Hydronium cation • 3Carbon dioxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2CO2) + CO2 = (H3O+ • 3CO2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.5kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.9cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986gas phase

Hydronium cation + Water = (Hydronium cation • Water)

By formula: H3O+ + H2O = (H3O+ • H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr32. ± 2.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 out of 14 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28. ± 7.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
8.1300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Hydrogen cyanide = (Hydronium cation • Hydrogen cyanide • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + CHN = (H3O+ • CHN • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr19.8kcal/molPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Speller, 1989gas phase; n
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr29.3cal/mol*KPHPMSMeot-Ner (Mautner) and Speller, 1989gas phase; n

(Hydronium cation • Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 2H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr20. ± 1.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 7 out of 14 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22. ± 4.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
8.6300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 3H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr17.3 ± 0.9kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 9 out of 16 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28. ± 2.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 6 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.4kcal/molFABierbaum, Golde, et al., 1976gas phase

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
9.1300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase
9.2296.SAMSPuckett and Teague, 1971gas phase
8.4300.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970gas phase
8.3307.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970, 2gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 3Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 4Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 4H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13. ± 4.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 6 out of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr24. ± 5.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 7 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.5kcal/molFABierbaum, Golde, et al., 1976gas phase

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
5.8293.ES/HPMSKlassen, Blades, et al., 1995gas phase
5.4296.SAMSPuckett and Teague, 1971gas phase
5.0300.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970gas phase
5.0307.PHPMSGood, Durden, et al., 1970, 2gas phase
7.0300.HPMSArifov, Pozharov, et al., 1971gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 4Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 5Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 4H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 5H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12. ± 2.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 5 out of 8 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr24. ± 4.cal/mol*KAVGN/AAverage of 4 out of 6 values; Individual data points

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
4.5293.ES/HPMSKlassen, Blades, et al., 1995gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 5Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 6Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 5H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 6H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.7kcal/molPHPMSLau, Ikuta, et al., 1982gas phase
Δr11.7kcal/molHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr16.09kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.1cal/mol*KPHPMSLau, Ikuta, et al., 1982gas phase
Δr29.6cal/mol*KHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr82.69cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

(Hydronium cation • 6Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 7Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 6H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 7H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Δr10.3kcal/molHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr12.03kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.cal/mol*KHPMSKebarle, Searles, et al., 1967gas phase
Δr52.31cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase; Entropy change is questionable

(Hydronium cation • 7Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 8Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 7H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 8H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.77kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr33.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 8Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 9Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 8H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 9H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.78kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 9Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 10Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 9H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 10H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8.88kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr25.77cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 10Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 11Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 10H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 11H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.30kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 11Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 12Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 11H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 12H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.83kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.9kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr33.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 12Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 13Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 12H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 13H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.30kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 13Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 14Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 13H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 14H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.60kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.8kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.85cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 14Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 15Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 14H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 15H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.72kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.7kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr40.38cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 15Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 16Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 15H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 16H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.82kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.0kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr42.15cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 16Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 17Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 16H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 17H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.76kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.6kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr41.38cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 17Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 18Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 17H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 18H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.75kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr40.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 18Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 19Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 18H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 19H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.66kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.0kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr41.00cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 19Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 20Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 19H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 20H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.54kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr9.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.62cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 20Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 21Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 20H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 21H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.43kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 21Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 22Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 21H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 22H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.32kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr5.9kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr39.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 22Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 23Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 22H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 23H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.45kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.4kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr38.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 23Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 24Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 23H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 24H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.28kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.6kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr37.46cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 24Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 25Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 24H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 25H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.06kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr7.1kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr36.16cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 25Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 26Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 25H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 26H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.72kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr6.3kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr32.85cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 26Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 27Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 26H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 27H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.41kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Δr8.2kcal/molCIDMagnera, David, et al., 1991gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr30.92cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 27Water) + Water = (Hydronium cation • 28Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 27H2O) + H2O = (H3O+ • 28H2O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bond (positive ion to hydride)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.06kcal/molMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.77cal/mol*KMKERShi, Ford, et al., 1993gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.3kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13.9cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.0kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr14.3cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 3Water) + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3H2O) + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S • 3H2O)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
4.2300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields

(Hydronium cation • 4Water) + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide • 4Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 4H2O) + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S • 4H2O)

Free energy of reaction

ΔrG° (kcal/mol) T (K) Method Reference Comment
2.6300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields
2.6300.HPMSBanic and Iribarne, 1985gas phase; electric fields

Hydronium cation + Hydrogen = (Hydronium cation • Hydrogen)

By formula: H3O+ + H2 = (H3O+ • H2)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr3.5 ± 0.5kcal/molSCATTERINGOkumura, Yeh, et al., 1990gas phase

Hydronium cation + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • Nitrous oxide)

By formula: H3O+ + N2O = (H3O+ • N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr16.9kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr27.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 2N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.1kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr23.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 3N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr10.2kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr26.cal/mol*KPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 3Nitrous oxide) + Nitrous oxide = (Hydronium cation • 4Nitrous oxide)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3N2O) + N2O = (H3O+ • 4N2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.2kcal/molPHPMSHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr21.cal/mol*KN/AHiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr4.9kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr13.1cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr5.2kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr16.6cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • Nitrogen • 3Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • N2 • 3H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 2N2 • 3H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr4.4kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr15.7cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr8. ± 2.kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr9.0 ± 2.7kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr28.4cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase

(Hydronium cation • 2Nitrogen • 3Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 3Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 2N2 • 3H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 3N2 • 3H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr1.2kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr6.4cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate

(Hydronium cation • 3Nitrogen • 2Water) + Nitrogen = (Hydronium cation • 4Nitrogen • 2Water)

By formula: (H3O+ • 3N2 • 2H2O) + N2 = (H3O+ • 4N2 • 2H2O)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr3.kcal/molDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr12.cal/mol*KDTGheno and Fitaire, 1987gas phase; ΔrH, ΔrS approximate

Hydronium cation + Sulfur dioxide = (Hydronium cation • Sulfur dioxide)

By formula: H3O+ + O2S = (H3O+ • O2S)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.0kcal/molPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr22.7cal/mol*KPHPMSSzulejko and McMahon, 1992gas phase

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, NIST Free Links, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Marilyn E. Jacox

State:   X


Vib. 
sym. 
 No.   Approximate 
 type of mode 
 cm-1   Med.   Method   References

a1 1 OH stretch 3491.17 I gas LD Tang and Oka, 1999
1 OH stretch 3389.66 I gas LD Tang and Oka, 1999
1 OH stretch 3490 T H gas PF Okumura, Yeh, et al., 1990
2 Umbrella 954.40 I gas DL Haese and Oka, 1984
Lemoine and Destombes, 1984
Davies, Hamilton, et al., 1985
Liu, Haese, et al., 1985
Zheng, Wang, et al., 2007
2 Umbrella 525.82 I gas DL Davies, Hamilton, et al., 1985
Liu and Oka, 1985
Liu, Haese, et al., 1985
(H2)H-O stretch 3120 H gas PF Okumura, Yeh, et al., 1990
e 3 OH stretch 3535.56 I gas CC Begemann, Gudeman, et al., 1983
Begemann and Saykally, 1985
Stahn, Solka, et al., 1987
Ho, Pursell, et al., 1991
3 OH stretch 3518.95 I gas CC Begemann, Gudeman, et al., 1983
Begemann and Saykally, 1985
Stahn, Solka, et al., 1987
Keim, Polak, et al., 1990
Ho, Pursell, et al., 1991
3 OH stretch 3560 H gas PF Okumura, Yeh, et al., 1990
3 OH stretch 3550 H gas PF Okumura, Yeh, et al., 1990
4 Deformation 1625.95 I gas DL Grubele, Polak, et al., 1987
4 Deformation 1638.53 I gas DL Grubele, Polak, et al., 1987

Additional references: Jacox, 1994, page 129; Jacox, 2003, page 160; Sears, Bunker, et al., 1985; Liu, Oka, et al., 1986; Verhoeve, Versluis, et al., 1989; Petek, Nesbitt, et al., 1990; Uy, White, et al., 1997; Araki, Ozeki, et al., 1998; Araki, Ozeki, et al., 1999; Dong, Uy, et al., 2005; Dong and Nesbitt, 2006; Furuya, Saito, et al., 2007; Furuya and Saito, 2008

Notes

H(1/2)(2ν)
IComponent of an inversion doublet
TTentative assignment or approximate value

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Ion clustering data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, NIST Free Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

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Arifov, U.A.; Pozharov, S.L.; Chernov, I.G., High Energy Chem., 1971, 5, 1. [all data]

Puckett and Teague, 1971
Puckett, L.J.; Teague, A.W., Production of H3O+.nH2O from NO+ Precursor in NO - H2O Gas Mixtures, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 6, 2564, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1675213 . [all data]

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Good, A.; Durden, D.A.; Kebarle, P., Ion-Molecule Reactions in Pure Nitrogen and Nitrogen Containing Traces of Water at Total Pressures 0.5 - 4 torr. Kinetics of Clustering Reactions Forming H+(H2O)n, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 1, 212, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1672667 . [all data]

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Good, A.; Durden, D.A.; Kebarle, P., Mechanism and Rate Constants of Ion-Molecule Reactions Leading to Formation of H+(H2O)n in Moist Oxygen and Air, J. Chem. Phys., 1970, 52, 1, 222, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1672668 . [all data]

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Klassen, J.S.; Blades, A.T.; Kebarle, P., Determinations of Ion-Molecule Equilibria Involving Ions Produced by Electrospray. Hydration of Protonated Amines, Diamines, and Some Small Peptides, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 42, 15509, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100042a027 . [all data]

Lau, Ikuta, et al., 1982
Lau, Y.K.; Ikuta, S.; Kebarle, P., Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Gas - Phase Reactions: H3O+(H2O)n - 1 + H2O = H3O+(H2O)n, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 6, 1462, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00370a002 . [all data]

Kebarle, Searles, et al., 1967
Kebarle, P.; Searles, S.K.; Zolla, A.; Scarborough, J.; Arshadi, M., The Solvation of the Hydrogen Ion by Water Molecules in the Gas Phase. Heats and Entropies of Solvation of the Individual Reactions: H+(H2O)n-1 + H2O = H+(H2O)n, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1967, 89, 25, 6393, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01001a001 . [all data]

Shi, Ford, et al., 1993
Shi, Z.; Ford, V.; Wei, S.; Castleman, A.W., Water Clusters - Contributions of Binding Energy and Entropy to Stability, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 99, 10, 8009, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465678 . [all data]

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Magnera, T.F.; David, D.E.; Michl, J., The First Twenty - Eight Proton Hydration Energies, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991, 182, 3-4, 363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)80230-U . [all data]

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Szulejko, J.; McMahon, T.B., personal communication, 1992. [all data]

Hiraoka, Shoda, et al., 1986
Hiraoka, K.; Shoda, T.; Morise, K.; Yamabe, S.; Kawai, E.; Hirao, K., Stability and structure of cluster ions in the gas phase: Carbon dioxide with Cl-, H3O+, HCO2+ and HCO+, J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 84, 2091. [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Field, 1977
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; Field, F.H., Proton Affinity and Ion - Molecule Clustering in CO2 and CS2. Applications in Martian Ionospheric Chemistry, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 10, 4527, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.433706 . [all data]

Gheno and Fitaire, 1987
Gheno, F.; Fitaire, M., Association of N2 with NH4+ and H3O+(H2O)n, n = 1,2,3, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 2, 953, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.453250 . [all data]

Hiraoka, Fujimaki, et al., 1994
Hiraoka, K.; Fujimaki, S.; Aruga, K.; Sato, T.; Yamabe, S., Gas-Phase Solavtion of NO+, O2+, N2O+, and H3O+ with N2O, J. Chem. Phys., 1994, 101, 5, 4073, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.467524 . [all data]

Bennet and Field, 1972
Bennet, S.L.; Field, F.H., Reversible Reactions of Gaseous Ions. V. The Methane - Water System at Low Temperatures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 15, 5188, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00770a008 . [all data]

Banic and Iribarne, 1985
Banic, C.M.; Iribarne, J.V., Equilibrium Constants for Clustering of Neutral Molecules about Gaseous Ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 12, 6432, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.449543 . [all data]

Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Speller, 1989
Meot-Ner (Mautner), M.; Speller, C.V., Multicomponent Cluster Ions.3. Comparative Stabilities of Cationic and Anionic Hydrogen Bonded Networks. Mixed Clusters of Water and Hydrogen Cyanide, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 6580. [all data]

Okumura, Yeh, et al., 1990
Okumura, M.; Yeh, L.I.; Myers, J.D.; Lee, Y.T., Infrared Spectra of the Solvated Hydronium Ion: Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy of Mass-Selected H3O+.(H2O)n.(H2)m, J. Phys. Chem., 1990, 94, 9, 3416, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100372a014 . [all data]

Tang and Oka, 1999
Tang, J.; Oka, T., Infrared Spectroscopy of H3O+: The ν1 Fundamental Band, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1999, 196, 1, 120, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1999.7844 . [all data]

Haese and Oka, 1984
Haese, N.N.; Oka, T., Observation of the ν2 (1-←0+) inversion mode band in H3O+ by high resolution infrared spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 1, 572, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.446436 . [all data]

Lemoine and Destombes, 1984
Lemoine, B.; Destombes, J.L., Infrared spectroscopy of molecular ions in a magnetically confined glow discharge, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 111, 3, 284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(84)85507-4 . [all data]

Davies, Hamilton, et al., 1985
Davies, P.B.; Hamilton, P.A.; Johnson, S.A., Infrared laser spectroscopy of H_3O^+ between 510 and 1150 cm^-1, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 1985, 2, 5, 794, https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.2.000794 . [all data]

Liu, Haese, et al., 1985
Liu, D.-J.; Haese, N.N.; Oka, T., Infrared spectrum of the ν2 vibration-inversion band of H3O+, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 12, 5368, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448620 . [all data]

Zheng, Wang, et al., 2007
Zheng, R.; Wang, R.-B.; Li, S.; Huang, G.-M.; Duan, C.-X., Extended Measurement of the, Chin. Phys. Lett., 2007, 24, 9, 2569, https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/24/9/029 . [all data]

Liu and Oka, 1985
Liu, D.-J.; Oka, T., Experimental Determination of the Ground-State Inversion Splitting in H_{3}O^{+}, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1985, 54, 16, 1787, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1787 . [all data]

Begemann, Gudeman, et al., 1983
Begemann, M.H.; Gudeman, C.S.; Pfaff, J.; Saykally, R., Detection of the Hydronium Ion (H_{3}O^{+}) by High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1983, 51, 7, 554, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.554 . [all data]

Begemann and Saykally, 1985
Begemann, M.H.; Saykally, R.J., A study of the structure and dynamics of the hydronium ion by high-resolution infrared laser spectroscopy. I. The ν3 band of H3 16O+, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 8, 3570, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448914 . [all data]

Stahn, Solka, et al., 1987
Stahn, A.; Solka, H.; Adams, H.; Urban, W., The, Mol. Phys., 1987, 60, 1, 121, https://doi.org/10.1080/00268978700100091 . [all data]

Ho, Pursell, et al., 1991
Ho, W.C.; Pursell, C.J.; Oka, T., Infrared spectroscopy in an H2«58872»O2«58872»He discharge: H3O+, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1991, 149, 2, 530, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(91)90308-W . [all data]

Keim, Polak, et al., 1990
Keim, E.R.; Polak, M.L.; Owrutsky, J.C.; Coe, J.V.; Saykally, R.J., Absolute infrared vibrational band intensities of molecular ions determined by direct laser absorption spectroscopy in fast ion beams, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 93, 5, 3111, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.458845 . [all data]

Grubele, Polak, et al., 1987
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Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, 464. [all data]

Jacox, 2003
Jacox, M.E., Vibrational and electronic energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules: supplement B, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2003, 32, 1, 1-441, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1497629 . [all data]

Sears, Bunker, et al., 1985
Sears, T.J.; Bunker, P.R.; Davies, P.B.; Johnson, S.A.; Spirko, V., Diode laser absorption spectroscopy of D3O+: Determination of the equilibrium structure and potential function of the oxonium ion, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 6, 2676, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.449270 . [all data]

Liu, Oka, et al., 1986
Liu, D.-J.; Oka, T.; Sears, T.J., The calculated ν2 (inversion) spectrum of H3O+, J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 84, 3, 1312, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.450522 . [all data]

Verhoeve, Versluis, et al., 1989
Verhoeve, P.; Versluis, M.; Ter Meulen, J.J.; Meerts, W.L.; Dymanus, A., Far infrared laser sideband spectroscopy of H3O+: the pure inversion spectrum around 55 cm-1, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 161, 3, 195, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(89)87059-9 . [all data]

Petek, Nesbitt, et al., 1990
Petek, H.; Nesbitt, D.J.; Owrutsky, J.C.; Gudeman, C.S.; Yang, X.; Harris, D.O.; Moore, C.B.; Saykally, R.J., A study of the structure and dynamics of the hydronium ion by high resolution infrared laser spectroscopy. III. The ν3 band of D3O+, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 92, 6, 3257, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.457884 . [all data]

Uy, White, et al., 1997
Uy, D.; White, E.T.; Oka, T., Observation of Δ|k - l| = 3 Transitions in the ν3Band of H3O+, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1997, 183, 2, 240, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsp.1997.7270 . [all data]

Araki, Ozeki, et al., 1998
Araki, M.; Ozeki, H.; Saito, S., Experimental determination of the ground-state inversion splitting in D[sub 3]O[sup +] by microwave spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 198, 14, 5707, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.477191 . [all data]

Araki, Ozeki, et al., 1999
Araki, M.; Ozeki, H.; Saito, S., Microwave spectrum of the inversion---rotation transitions of the D, Mol. Phys., 1999, 97, 1-2, 177, https://doi.org/10.1080/00268979909482820 . [all data]

Dong, Uy, et al., 2005
Dong, F.; Uy, D.; Davis, S.; Child, M.; Nesbitt, D.J., Supersonically cooled hydronium ions in a slit-jet discharge: High-resolution infrared spectroscopy and tunneling dynamics of HD[sub 2]O[sup +], J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 122, 22, 224301, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1924699 . [all data]

Dong and Nesbitt, 2006
Dong, F.; Nesbitt, D.J., Jet cooled spectroscopy of H[sub 2]DO[sup +]: Barrier heights and isotope-dependent tunneling dynamics from H[sub 3]O[sup +] to D[sub 3]O[sup +], J. Chem. Phys., 2006, 125, 14, 144311, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2338520 . [all data]

Furuya, Saito, et al., 2007
Furuya, T.; Saito, S.; Araki, M., Microwave spectrum of the H[sub 2]DO[sup +] ion: Inversion-rotation transitions and inversion splitting, J. Chem. Phys., 2007, 127, 24, 244314, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2813352 . [all data]

Furuya and Saito, 2008
Furuya, T.; Saito, S., Microwave spectrum of the HD[sub 2]O[sup +] ion: Inversion-rotation transitions and inversion splitting, J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128, 3, 034311, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2822284 . [all data]


Notes

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