sulfur

• Formula: S
• Molecular weight: 32.065
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/S Copy

  
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 7704-34-9
• Chemical structure:
  This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file
• Other names: Insoluble sulfur; Sulphur; Sulfur atom
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • References
  • Notes
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Lines Holdings (on physics web site)
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Levels Holdings (on physics web site)
  • NIST Atomic Spectra Database - Ground states and ionization energies (on physics web site)
  • Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
  • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 5.0
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Liquid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
    C_p = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

(HS^- • 4294967295) +  = HS^-

By formula: (HS^- • 4294967295S) + S = HS^-

(CAS Reg. No. 12269-52-2 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 12269-52-2

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 12269-52-2 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 12269-52-2

(CAS Reg. No. 66524-41-2 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 66524-41-2

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 66524-41-2 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 66524-41-2

(CAS Reg. No. 66524-43-4 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 66524-43-4

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 66524-43-4 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 66524-43-4

=  + 

By formula: COS = CO + S

(CAS Reg. No. 12597-11-4 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 12597-11-4

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 12597-11-4 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 12597-11-4

(CAS Reg. No. 37301-16-9 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 37301-16-9

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 37301-16-9 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 37301-16-9

(CAS Reg. No. 184378-98-1 • 4294967295) +  = CAS Reg. No. 184378-98-1

By formula: (CAS Reg. No. 184378-98-1 • 4294967295S) + S = CAS Reg. No. 184378-98-1

(S₂^- • 4294967295) +  = S₂^-

By formula: (S₂^- • 4294967295S) + S = S₂^-

(S₃^- • 4294967295) +  = S₃^-

By formula: (S₃^- • 4294967295S) + S = S₃^-

(FS^- • 4294967295) +  = FS^-

By formula: (FS^- • 4294967295S) + S = FS^-

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to S⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Electron affinity determinations

Ionization energy determinations

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

(FS^- • 4294967295) +  = FS^-

By formula: (FS^- • 4294967295S) + S = FS^-

(HS^- • 4294967295) +  = HS^-

By formula: (HS^- • 4294967295S) + S = HS^-

(S₂^- • 4294967295) +  = S₂^-

By formula: (S₂^- • 4294967295S) + S = S₂^-

(S₃^- • 4294967295) +  = S₃^-

By formula: (S₃^- • 4294967295S) + S = S₃^-

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984
Cox, J.D.; Wagman, D.D.; Medvedev, V.A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984, 1. [all data]

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Rau, Kutty, et al., 1973
Rau, H.; Kutty, T.R.N.; Guedes de Carvalho, J.R.F., High temperature saturated vapor pressure of sulphur and the estimation of its critical quantities, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1973, 5, 291-302. [all data]

Chaibi, Delsart, et al., 2006
Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Blondel, C., High precision measurement of the (SH)-S-32 electron affinity by laser detachment microscopy, J. Molec. Spectros., 2006, 239, 1, 11-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jms.2006.05.012 . [all data]

Breyer, Frey, et al., 1981
Breyer, F.; Frey, P.; Hotop, H., High Resolution Photoelectron Spectrometry of Negative Ions: Rotational Transitions in Laser-Photodetachment of OH-, SH-, and SD-, Z. Phys. A, 1981, 300, 1, 7, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01412609 . [all data]

Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979
Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr., The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]

Shiell, Hu, et al., 1900
Shiell, R.C.; Hu, X.K.; Hu, Q.J.; Hepburn, J.W., A determination of the bond dissociation energy (D-0(H-SH)): Threshold ion-pair production spectroscopy (TIPPS) of a triatomic molecule, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1900, 104, 19, 4339-4342, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp000025k . [all data]

Gurvich, Veyts, et al.
Gurvich, L.V.; Veyts, I.V.; Alcock, C.B., Hemisphere Publishing, NY, 1989, V. 1 2, Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th Ed. [all data]

Polak, Fiala, et al., 1991
Polak, M.L.; Fiala, B.L.; Lineberger, W.C.; Ervin, K.M., The Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrum of SO-, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 94, 10, 6926, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.460223 . [all data]

Feldman, 1970
Feldman, D., Photoablosung von Elektronen bei einigen Stabilen Negativen Ionen, Z. Naturfor., 1970, 25A, 621. [all data]

Hunsicker, Jones, et al., 1995
Hunsicker, S.; Jones, R.O.; Gantefor, G., Rings and chains in sulfur cluster anions S- to S-9(-): Theory (simulated annealing) and experiment (photoelectron detachment), J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102, 15, 5917, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.469326 . [all data]

Bechtold, 1965
Bechtold, V.E., Bestimmung des Standardwertes der freien Reaktionsenthalpie für die Bildung von Kohlenoxysulfid aus Kohlenmonoxyd, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69, 326-328. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Moran and Ellison, 1988
Moran, S.; Ellison, G.B., Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sulfur Ions, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 7, 1794, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100318a021 . [all data]

Nimlos and Ellison, 1986
Nimlos, M.R.; Ellison, G.B., Photoelectron spectroscopy of SO₂^-, S₃^-, and S₂O^-, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 2574. [all data]

Polak, Gilles, et al., 1992
Polak, M.L.; Gilles, M.K.; Lineberger, W.C., Photoelectron Spectroscopy of SF-, J. Chem. Phys., 1992, 96, 9, 7191, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.462526 . [all data]

Hunter and Lias, 1998
Hunter, E.P.; Lias, S.G., Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1998, 27, 3, 413-656, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.556018 . [all data]

Wells and Yukich, 2009
Wells, J.E.; Yukich, J.N., Photodetachment spectroscopy from the lowest threshold of S-, Phys. Rev. A, 2009, 80, 5, 055403, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.80.055403 . [all data]

Blondel, Chaibi, et al., 2005
Blondel, C.; Chaibi, W.; Delsart, C.; Drag, C.; Goldfarb, F.; Kroger, S., The electron affinities of O, Si, and S revisited with the photodetachment microscope, Eur. Phys. J. D, 2005, 33, 3, 335-342, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2005-00069-9 . [all data]

Blondel, Delsart, et al., 2001
Blondel, C.; Delsart, C.; Goldfarb, F., Electron spectrometry at the mu eV level and the electron affinities of Si and F, J. Phys. B: Atom. Mol. Opt. Phys., 2001, 34, 9, L281-L288, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/34/9/101 . [all data]

Rempala and Ervin, 2000
Rempala, K.; Ervin, K.M., Collisional activation of the Endoergic Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reaction S-(2P) + H2 - SH- + H, J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 112, 10, 4579, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.481016 . [all data]

Lineberger and Woodward, 1970
Lineberger, W.C.; Woodward, B.W., High Resolution Photodetachment of S- Near Threshold, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1970, 25, 7, 424, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.424 . [all data]

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Lide, D.R. (Editor), Ionization potentials of atoms and atomic ions in Handbook of Chem. and Phys., 1992, 10-211. [all data]

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Kelly, R.L., Atomic and ionic spectrum lines of hydrogen through kryton, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1987, 16. [all data]

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Dunlavey, S.; Dyke, J.; Fayad, N.; Jonathan, N.; Morris, A., Vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of transient species. Part 10. The SH(X2çi) radical and the S(3P) atom, Mol. Phys., 1979, 38, 729. [all data]

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Smoes, S.; Drowart, J.; Welter, J.M., Thermodynamic study of the vaporization of europium sulfide by the mass spectrometric Knudsen cell method, Adv. Mass Spectrom., 1978, 7, 622. [all data]

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Smoes, S.; Drowart, J.; Welter, J.M., Thermodynamic study of the vaporization of europium monosulfide by Knudsen-cell mass spectrometry atomization energies of EuS(g), Eu₂S(g), EuS₂(g), Eu₂O(g), Eu₂O₂(g), Eu₂OS(g), and Eu₂S₂(g), J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1977, 9, 275. [all data]

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Hildenbrand, D.L., Thermochemical studies of the gaseous lower valent fluorides of molybdenum, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 614. [all data]

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Hildenbrand, D.L., Dissociation energy and ionization potential of the molecule CF, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 32, 523. [all data]

Hildenbrand, 1975, 2
Hildenbrand, D.L., Thermochemistry of the gaseous tungsten fluorides, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 62, 3074. [all data]

Hildenbrand, 1972
Hildenbrand, D.L., Thermochemistry of the molecules CS and CS⁺, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1972, 15, 379. [all data]

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Edwards, J.G.; Franzen, H.F.; Gilles, P.W., High-temperature mass spectrometry, vaporization, and thermodynamics of titanium monosulfide, J. Chem. Phys., 1971, 54, 545. [all data]

Moore, 1970
Moore, C.E., Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., (U.S. Natl. Bur. Stand.), 1970, 34, 1. [all data]

Cater, Rauh, et al., 1968
Cater, E.D.; Rauh, E.G.; Thorn, R.J., Thermochemistry of UOS; evaporation of US-UO₂ mixtures; on the attainment of equilibrium in Knudsen cells, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 49, 5244. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, References

• Symbols used in this document:
  

  EA	Electron affinity
  IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
  Pc	Critical pressure
  S°gas,1 bar	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
  S°liquid,1 bar	Entropy of liquid at standard conditions (1 bar)
  S°solid,1 bar	Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar)
  Tc	Critical temperature
  ΔfH°gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
  ΔfH°liquid	Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ρc	Critical density

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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