Benzophenone

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas11.93 ± 0.71kcal/molCmSabbah and Laffitte, 1978 

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfsolid-8.2kcal/molCcbColomina, Cambeiro, et al., 1959ALS
Δfsolid-7.9kcal/molCcbSpringall and White, 1954ALS
Δfsolid-7.73 ± 0.78kcal/molCcbParks, Mosley, et al., 1950Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -7.86 ± 0.004 kcal/mol; ALS
Δfsolid-12.15kcal/molCcbLandrieu and Blatt, 1924ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcsolid-1555. ± 2.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 6 values; Individual data points

Constant pressure heat capacity of solid

Cp,solid (cal/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
53.728300.DeKruif, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983T = 80 to 345 K.; DH

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil550. ± 100.KAVGN/AAverage of 7 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tfus321.2 ± 0.7KAVGN/AAverage of 23 out of 24 values; Individual data points
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple321.03KN/ADe Kruif, van Miltenburg, et al., 1983Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tc830.KN/ASteele, Chirico, et al., 1994Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 2. K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Pc33.08atmN/ASteele, Chirico, et al., 1994Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 atm; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ρc1.762mol/lN/ASteele, Chirico, et al., 1994Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap22.700kcal/molVNeumann and Volker, 1932ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δsub21. ± 3.kcal/molAVGN/AAverage of 11 values; Individual data points

Reduced pressure boiling point

Tboil (K) Pressure (atm) Reference Comment
497. - 497.0.132Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982BS
430.70.013Buckingham and Donaghy, 1982BS

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kcal/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
14.1545.N/AJaquerod and Wassmer, 2006Based on data from 530. - 575. K. See also Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC
15.6448.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 433. - 673. K.; AC
14.9488.N/ADreisbach and Shrader, 1949Based on data from 473. - 579. K. See also Dreisbach and Martin, 1949 and Boublik, Fried, et al., 1984.; AC

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
473.7 - 579.34.356672116.372-93.43Dreisbach and Shrader, 1949Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

ΔsubH (kcal/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
22.2 ± 0.2306.MEGinkel, Kruif, et al., 2001Based on data from 294. - 318. K.; AC
21.50308.MEStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 298. - 318. K. See also Pribilová and Pouchlý, 1974.; AC
22.6 ± 0.2321.DMKruif, Miltenburg, et al., 1983AC
22.7 ± 0.05304.MEColomina, Jimenez, et al., 1980Based on data from 295. - 313. K.; AC
22.4 ± 0.1307.TE,MEDe Kruif and Van Ginkel, 1977Based on data from 297. - 317. K.; AC
22.7 ± 0.36305.TEDeKruif, van Ginkel, et al., 1975Based on data from 293. - 318. K.; AC
23.0306.N/ASerpinskii, Voitkevich, et al., 1956Based on data from 293. - 319. K.; AC
18.7 ± 0.29303.N/AWolf and Weghofer, 1938Based on data from 290. - 315. K. See also Wolf and Trieschmann, 1934.; AC
18.7 ± 0.2313.VWolf and Weghofer, 1938, 2ALS

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kcal/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
4.3485321.03N/ADeKruif, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983DH
4.496321.2ACChirico, Knipmeyer, et al., 2002Based on data from 5. - 440. K.; AC
4.414321.3ACHanaya, Hikima, et al., 2002AC
4.348324.2N/ADomalski and Hearing, 1996AC
4.2230321.2N/AEykman, 1889DH

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (cal/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
13.54321.03DeKruif, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983DH
13.1321.2Eykman, 1889DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: José A. Martinho Simões

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C13H10NaO (solution) + 0.5Dicobalt octacarbonyl (solution) = C4CoNaO4 (solution) + Benzophenone (solution)

By formula: C13H10NaO (solution) + 0.5C8Co2O8 (solution) = C4CoNaO4 (solution) + C13H10O (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-37.4 ± 2.6kcal/molRSCKiss, Nolan, et al., 1994solvent: Tetrahydrofuran

Benzophenone (solution) + sodium (cr) = C13H10NaO (solution)

By formula: C13H10O (solution) + Na (cr) = C13H10NaO (solution)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-38.50 ± 0.60kcal/molRSCKiss, Nolan, et al., 1994solvent: Tetrahydrofuran

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

View reactions leading to C13H10O+ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)9.08 ± 0.04eVN/AN/AL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Proton affinity (review)210.9kcal/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Gas basicity203.8kcal/molN/AHunter and Lias, 1998HL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.62 ± 0.10IMREGrimsrud, Caldwell, et al., 1985ΔGea(423 K) = -15.3 kcal/mol; ΔSea (estimated) = +2.0 eu; B
1.110 ± 0.040LPESMaeyama, Yagi, et al., 2008Stated EA is Vertical Detachment Energy. Threshold adiabatic EA appears to be ca. 0.6 eV - JEB; B
0.655 ± 0.087IMREHuh, Kang, et al., 1999ΔG(EA) 343K; anchored to ΔG value. Including anchor ΔS, EA is ca. 0.4 kcal/mol more bound.; B
0.694 ± 0.048IMREFukuda and McIver, 1985ΔGea(355 K) = -16.7 kcal/mol; ΔSea = 2.0, est. from data in Kebarle and Chowdhury, 1987; B
0.642 ± 0.052ECDChen and Wentworth, 1983B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
9.4 ± 0.1EIGrutzmacher and Schubert, 1979LLK
9.28EIElder, Beynon, et al., 1976LLK
9.5 ± 0.1EIKrenmayr, Heller, et al., 1974LLK
9.5 ± 0.1EIHeller, Varmuza, et al., 1974LLK
9.46EIBenoit, 1973LLK
9.14 ± 0.03PIIskakov and Potapov, 1971LLK
9.46 ± 0.05EINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH
9.35 ± 0.04EIFoffani, Pignataro, et al., 1964RDSH
9.4PITerenin, 1961RDSH
9.05 ± 0.05PEMcAlduff and Bunbury, 1979Vertical value; LLK
9.05PECentineo, Fragala, et al., 1978Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
C6H5+15.67C6H5+COEIBenoit, 1973LLK
C6H5+16.22 ± 0.07?EINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH
C7H5O+12.0 ± 0.1C6H5EIGrutzmacher and Schubert, 1979LLK
C7H5O+11.45C6H5EIElder, Beynon, et al., 1976LLK
C7H5O+11.4 ± 0.1C6H5EIHeller, Varmuza, et al., 1974LLK
C7H5O+11.72C6H5EIBenoit, 1973LLK
C7H5O+12.00 ± 0.05C6H5EINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH
C12H8+17.48 ± 0.12?EINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH
C12H9+15.28 ± 0.05CO+H?EINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH
C12H10+12.24 ± 0.13COEINatalis and Franklin, 1965RDSH

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: Timothy J. Johnson, Tanya L. Myers, Yin-Fong Su, Russell G. Tonkyn, Molly Rose K. Kelly-Gorham, and Tyler O. Danby

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990.
NIST MS number 118652

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


UV/Visible spectrum

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Victor Talrose, Eugeny B. Stern, Antonina A. Goncharova, Natalia A. Messineva, Natalia V. Trusova, Margarita V. Efimkina

Spectrum

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UVVis spectrum
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Additional Data

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Source Terenin and Ermolaev, 1952
Owner INEP CP RAS, NIST OSRD
Collection (C) 2007 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin INSTITUTE OF ENERGY PROBLEMS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, RAS
Source reference RAS UV No. 653
Instrument n.i.g.
Melting point 47.8
Boiling point 305.4

Gas Chromatography

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillarySE-30100.1606.4Tudor, 199740. m/0.35 mm/0.35 μm

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5MS1625.Asuming, Beauchamp, et al., 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 250. C @ 5. min

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5MS1664.Alissandrakis E., Tarantilis P.A., et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 40C(3min) => 3C/min => 160C => 10C/min => 200C
PackedSE-301611.Ramsey, Lee, et al., 1980He, Chromosorb G HP (80-100 mesh); Column length: 1.5 m; Program: not specified

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

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Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax 20M180.2443.Tudor, Moldovan, et al., 1999Phase thickness: 0.08 μm

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-51621.Quijano, Salamanca, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 4. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
CapillaryHP-5MS1621.Pino, Mesa, et al., 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 20. min
CapillarySE-541644.Kostiainen, 200025. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 10. K/min, 280. C @ 10. min
CapillarySE-541610.4Shapi and Hesso, 199025. m/0.32 mm/0.15 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 15. min

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
Capillary5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane1621.Yasuhara, Shiraishi, et al., 199725. m/0.31 mm/0.52 μm, He; Program: 50C(2min) => (20C/min) => 120C => (7C/min) => 310C(10min)
PackedSE-301611.Peng, Ding, et al., 1988Supelcoport; Chromosorb; Column length: 3.05 m; Program: 40C(5min) => 10C/min => 200C or 250C (60min)

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryZB-Wax2427.Ledauphin, Saint-Clair, et al., 200430. m/0.25 mm/0.15 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min, 220. C @ 10. min
CapillaryHP-Innowax2505.Adamiec, Rossner, et al., 200130. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, N2, 5. K/min; Tstart: 60. C; Tend: 220. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5 MS1623.Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 300. C @ 15. min
CapillaryVF-5 MS1636.Leffingwell and Alford, 201160. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; Tstart: 30. C
CapillaryVF-5 MS1637.Leffingwell and Alford, 201160. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; Tstart: 30. C
CapillaryHP-5 MS1635.Lazarevic, Radulovic, et al., 201030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min; Tstart: 70. C; Tend: 290. C
CapillaryHP-5 MS1634.Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 201030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min, 290. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 70. C
CapillaryHP-5 MS1631.Radulovic, Dordevic, et al., 201030. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 5. K/min, 290. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 70. C
CapillaryDB-51644.Grung, Lichtenthaler, et al., 200730. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 10. min; Tstart: 40. C
CapillarySPB-51660.Vasta, Ratel, et al., 200760. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 230. C @ 5. min
CapillaryDB-51585.Ozel, Gogus, et al., 200630. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 60. C @ 0.5 min, 5. K/min, 280. C @ 2. min
CapillaryHP-11592.Valette, Fernandez, et al., 200650. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, He, 2. K/min, 250. C @ 40. min; Tstart: 60. C
CapillaryBPX-51655.Dickschat, Martens, et al., 200525. m/0.22 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 5. min, 5. K/min; Tend: 320. C
CapillaryHP-51635.1Leffingwell and Alford, 200560. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 30. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min
CapillaryCP Sil 5 CB1628.Rohloff and Bones, 200530. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 1. min, 4. K/min; Tend: 220. C
CapillaryDB-11573.Park, Lee, et al., 200460. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
CapillaryDB-11576.Park, Lee, et al., 200460. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
CapillaryDB-11577.Park, Lee, et al., 200460. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 4. min, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 25. min
CapillaryHP-11612.Boatright and Crum, 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.1 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 300. C @ 3. min
CapillaryHP-11612.Boatright and Crum, 199730. m/0.25 mm/0.1 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 5. K/min, 300. C @ 3. min
CapillaryUltra-11572.Okumura, 199125. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; Tstart: 80. C; Tend: 260. C
CapillaryHP-11610.Maurer and Pfleger, 198812. m/0.20 mm/0.33 μm, He, 100. C @ 3. min, 30. K/min, 310. C @ 5. min
CapillaryHP-11610.Maurer and Pfleger, 198812. m/0.20 mm/0.33 μm, He, 100. C @ 3. min, 30. K/min, 310. C @ 5. min

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-5 MS1640.Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillarySLB-5 MS1627.Mondello, 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillarySLB-5 MS1645.Mondello, 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillaryVF-51628.Shivashankar, Roy, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: 50 0C (2 min) 3 0C/min -> 200 0C (3 min) 10 0C/min -> 220 0C (8 min)
CapillaryVF-51612.Shivashankar, Roy, et al., 201230. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillaryHP-51635.Zhao, Li, et al., 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 7 oC/min -> 160 0C 9 0C/min -> 200 0C 20 0C/min -> 280 0C (10 min)
CapillaryHP-51644.Zhao, Li, et al., 200830. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
CapillarySE-301604.Vinogradov, 2004Program: not specified
CapillaryBPX-51655.Machiels, van Ruth, et al., 200360. m/0.32 mm/1. μm, He; Program: 40C (4min) => 2C/min => 90C => 4C/min => 130C => 8C/min => 250 C (10min)
CapillaryHP-11590.Teai, Claude-Lafontaine, et al., 200150. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, N2; Program: 40C => 2C/min => 130C => 4C/min => 250C
CapillaryMethyl Silicone1594.Oda, Yasuhara, et al., 199825. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 50 0C (2 min) 20 0C/min -> 160 0C 5 0C/min -> 210 0C 10 0C/min -> 300 0C
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxanes1603.Zenkevich and Chupalov, 1996Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone1603.Zenkevich, 1994Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.1610.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
OtherMethyl Silicone1610.Ardrey and Moffat, 1981Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryHP-Innowax2462.Soria, Sanz, et al., 200850. m/0.20 mm/0.20 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 190. C @ 50. min
CapillaryDB-Wax2470.López, Ezpeleta, et al., 200460. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min; Tend: 220. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

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Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax 20M2410.Vinogradov, 2004Program: not specified
CapillaryDB-Wax2457.Peng, Yang, et al., 1991Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), UV/Visible spectrum, Gas Chromatography, NIST Free Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Sabbah and Laffitte, 1978
Sabbah, R.; Laffitte, M., Etude thermodynamique de la molecule de benzophenone, Thermochim. Acta, 1978, 23, 196-198. [all data]

Colomina, Cambeiro, et al., 1959
Colomina, M.; Cambeiro, M.; Perez-Ossorio, R.; Latorre, C., Estudios acerca de calores de combustion II. Calores de combustion de benzofenona y sus p-alquilderivados, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1959, 509-514. [all data]

Springall and White, 1954
Springall, H.D.; White, T.R., Heats of combustion and molecular structure. Part II. The mean bond energy term for the carbonyl system in certain ketones, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2765-27. [all data]

Parks, Mosley, et al., 1950
Parks, G.S.; Mosley, J.R.; Peterson, P.V., Jr., Heats of combustion and formation of some organic compounds containing oxygen, J. Chem. Phys., 1950, 18, 152. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970
Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Landrieu and Blatt, 1924
Landrieu, P.; Blatt, H., Thermochemical study of diphenylphenylethinylcarbinol and its derivatives, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1924, 35, 1424-1236. [all data]

DeKruif, Van Miltenburg, et al., 1983
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Notes

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