Benzene, 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-

Formula: C₁₀H₁₄
Molecular weight: 134.2182
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C10H14/c1-4-10-6-5-8(2)9(3)7-10/h5-7H,4H2,1-3H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: SBUYFICWQNHBCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 934-80-5
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Other names: o-Xylene, 4-ethyl-; 1,2-Dimethyl-4-ethylbenzene; 2-Methyl-p-ethyltoluene; 4-Ethyl-o-xylene; 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene; 3,4-Dimethyl-1-ethylbenzene; 4-ethyL-1,2-dimethyldibenzene
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Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_boil	462. ± 2.	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 14 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_fus	206.220	K	N/A	Streiff, Schultz, et al., 1960	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_vapH°	53.9	kJ/mol	N/A	Reid, 1972	AC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kJ/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
48.9	355.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 340. to 493. K.; AC

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	OV-1	100.	1076.5	Zhu, Zhang, et al., 1999	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	CP Sil 2	80.	1078.6	Estel, Mohnke, et al., 1995	100. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm
Capillary	HP-1	60.	1062.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	60.	1062.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	100.	1074.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	HP-1	100.	1075.	Zhang, Li, et al., 1992	N2; Column length: 25. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-1	100.	1074.6	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	OV-1	120.	1080.6	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm
Capillary	OV-1	100.	1074.7	Matisová and Kurán, 1990	52. m/0.25 mm/0.38 μm, N2
Capillary	OV-1	100.	1074.5	Matisová and Kurán, 1990	52. m/0.25 mm/0.38 μm, H2
Capillary	PONA	100.	1075.8	Matisová and Kurán, 1990	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, H2
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1074.	Matisová, Kovacicová, et al., 1989	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	1081.	Matisová, Moravcová, et al., 1988	N2; Column length: 278. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Apolane	120.	1100.	Matisová, Moravcová, et al., 1988	N2; Column length: 200. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1074.	Matisová, Rukríglová, et al., 1988	H2; Column length: 278. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1075.	Matisová, Rukríglová, et al., 1988	H2; Column length: 278. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1075.	Matisová, Rukríglová, et al., 1988	H2; Column length: 278. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1075.	Matisová, Rukríglová, et al., 1988	H2; Column length: 278. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	SE-30	70.	1066.1	Tóth, 1983	N2; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	86.	1069.5	Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979	N2; Column length: 50. m
Capillary	Squalane	100.	1073.	Engewald and Wennrich, 1976	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm
Capillary	Squalane	80.	1064.95	Soják and Rijks, 1976	H2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	1079.	Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974	H2; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm
Capillary	SE-30	65.	1066.0	Svob and Deur-Siftar, 1974	He; Column length: 25.5 m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	Squalane	100.	1072.0	Svob and Deur-Siftar, 1974	He; Column length: 10.5 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-5	1083.5	Wang, Fingas, et al., 1994	30. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, He, 50. C @ 2. min, 6. K/min; T_end: 300. C
Capillary	DB-5	1094.	Ramarathnam, Rubin, et al., 1993	He, 30. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 280. C @ 3. min; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.13 mm
Capillary	OV-101	1068.	Hayes and Pitzer, 1982	110. m/0.25 mm/0.20 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	Apiezon L	1104.	Louis, 1971	N2, 1. K/min; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; T_start: 60. C

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH-100	1075.25	Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997	He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min)
Capillary	DB-1	1075.	Hoekman, 1993	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	150.	1325.	Egazaryants and Maximov, 1998	He; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	150.	1328.	Egazaryants and Maximov, 1998	He; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.5 mm
Capillary	PEG-20M	70.	1357.2	Tóth, 1983	N2; Column length: 30. m; Column diameter: 0.3 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	100.	1350.5	Engewald and Wennrich, 1976	N2; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.23 mm
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	90.	1332.3	Döring, Estel, et al., 1974	Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

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Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH	1076.8	Censullo, Jones, et al., 2003	50. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 35. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min, 200. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-5	1092.5	Xu, van Stee, et al., 2003	30. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 2.5 K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 200. C
Capillary	PONA	1067.1	Martos, Saraullo, et al., 1997	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, 35. C @ 0.5 min, 1. K/min, 220. C @ 8. min
Capillary	PONA	1070.3	Martos, Saraullo, et al., 1997	50. m/0.2 mm/0.5 μm, 35. C @ 0.5 min, 1. K/min, 220. C @ 8. min
Capillary	Ultra-1	1069.	Olson, Sinkevitch, et al., 1992	4. K/min; T_start: -40. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	1069.99	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	1070.74	White, Douglas, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	Petrocol DH	1071.	White, Hackett, et al., 1992	100. m/0.25 mm/0.5 μm, He, 1. K/min; T_start: 30. C; T_end: 220. C
Capillary	OV-101	1068.	Hayes and Pitzer, 1981	108. m/0.25 mm/0.2 μm, 1. K/min; T_start: 35. C; T_end: 200. C

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-5	1085.	Engel, Baty, et al., 2002	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He; Program: 5C(5min) => 3C/min => 20C => 5C/min => 100C 15C/min => 150C (5min)
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	1091.78	Hassoun, Pilling, et al., 1999	50. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He; Program: -50C(2min) => 49.9C/min => 35C(10min) => 3C/min => 200C(2min) => 40C/min => 240C(30min)

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-Wax	1379.	Le Guen, Prost, et al., 2000	60. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 4. K/min, 250. C @ 10. min
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1330.	Chung, 1999	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 5. min, 2. K/min, 195. C @ 90. min
Capillary	DB-Wax	1371.	Shimoda, Wu, et al., 1996	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 3. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1364.	Shimoda, Shigematsu, et al., 1995	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 2. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 230. C
Capillary	DB-Wax	1354.	Shiratsuchi, Shimoda, et al., 1994	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 2. K/min, 230. C @ 60. min; T_start: 50. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, isothermal

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Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	SE-30	100.	1076.	Vodenkova, Leol'ko, et al., 2005	He; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Capillary	OV-101	100.	1070.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm
Capillary	OV-101	120.	1077.	Tian, 1993	Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.20 mm

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB	1079.	Bramston-Cook, 2013	60. m/0.25 mm/1.0 μm, Helium, 45. C @ 1.45 min, 3.6 K/min, 210. C @ 2.72 min
Capillary	HP-5 MS	1082.	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 35. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 300. C @ 15. min
Capillary	Petrocol DH	1075.	Supelco, 2012	100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	VF-5 MS	1088.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	VF-5 MS	1089.	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	60. m/0.32 mm/0.25 μm, Helium, 2. K/min, 260. C @ 28. min; T_start: 30. C
Capillary	OV-1	1069.	Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999	2. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 160. C
Capillary	OV-101	1070.	Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999, 2	50. m/0.20 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 30. C @ 6. min, 1. K/min; T_end: 100. C
Capillary	HP-5	1091.	Wang and Fingas, 1995	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 35. C @ 2. min, 10. K/min, 300. C @ 10. min
Capillary	DB-1	1064.	Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992	60. m/0.32 mm/1.2 μm, He, 30. C @ 10. min, 3. K/min; T_end: 240. C
Capillary	CP Sil 5 CB	1067.	Hartgers, Damste, et al., 1992	25. m/0.32 mm/0.45 μm, He, 0. C @ 5. min, 3. K/min, 320. C @ 10. min
Capillary	OV-101	1075.	Zenkevich and Ventura, 1991	Helium, 50. C @ 0. min, 5. K/min, 240. C @ 0. min; Column length: 54. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	HP-5 MS	1088.	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	1089.	Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxane with 5 % Ph groups	1093.	Robinson, Adams, et al., 2012	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	1078.	Zhao, Li, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40 0C (2 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 7 oC/min -> 160 0C 9 0C/min -> 200 0C 20 0C/min -> 280 0C (10 min)
Capillary	HP-5	1085.	Zhao, Li, et al., 2008	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5MS	1083.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C(3min) => 4C/min => 75C => 8C/min => 250C
Capillary	Polymethylsiloxane, (PMS-20000)	1066.	Cornwell and Cordano, 2003	Program: not specified
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	1075.	Spieksma, 1999	Program: not specified
Capillary	HP-5	1095.	Timón, Ventanas, et al., 1998	50. m/0.32 mm/0.52 μm, He; Program: 35 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C (20 min) 5 0C/min -> 230 0C (50 min)
Capillary	SE-30	1066.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	SE-30	1073.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-101	1074.	Matisová, Juranyiová, et al., 1991	52. m/0.25 mm/0.38 μm, H2; Program: 70 - 160 C at 1.5 deg/min; 160 - 280 C at 15 deg/min 15 min at 280 C
Capillary	OV-1	1075.8	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 4C/min 60-120C 2)2nd 30m column isothermal 100C
Capillary	OV-1	1081.6	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 4C/min 60-120C. 2) 2nd 30m column isothermal 120C.
Capillary	OV-1	1078.1	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1) 1st 30m column temp ramp 6C/min 60-120C. 2) 2nd 30m column isothermal 120C.
Capillary	OV-1	1080.2	Engewald and Maurer, 1990	Column length: 60. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: 1)1st 30m column temp ramp 3C/min 60-120 2)2nd 30m column isothermal 120C
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	1068.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
Capillary	OV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.	1070.	Waggott and Davies, 1984	Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	90.	1332.	Sutter, Peterson, et al., 1997

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	DB-Wax	1362.	Umano, Hagi, et al., 2000	60. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, He, 40. C @ 2. min, 2. K/min; T_end: 200. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Supelcowax-10	1355.	Vichi, Pizzale, et al., 2005	30. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm; Program: 40C(3min) => 4C/min => 75C => 8C/min => 250C
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1357.	Cornwell and Cordano, 2003	Program: not specified
Capillary	Carbowax 20M	1332.	Ivanciuc, Ivanciuc, et al., 2001	Program: not specified
Capillary	PEG-20M	1357.	Xiuhua, Zhang, et al., 1996	Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas Chromatography, Notes

Streiff, Schultz, et al., 1960
Streiff, A.J.; Schultz, L.H.; Krouskop, N.C.; Moore, J.W.; Rossini, F.D., Purification, Purity, and Freezing Points of 16 API Standard and API Research Hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1960, 5, 193-5. [all data]

Reid, 1972
Reid, Robert C., Handbook on vapor pressure and heats of vaporization of hydrocarbons and related compounds, R. C. Wilhort and B. J. Zwolinski, Texas A Research Foundation. College Station, Texas(1971). 329 pages.$10.00, AIChE J., 1972, 18, 6, 1278-1278, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180637 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Zhu, Zhang, et al., 1999
Zhu, X.; Zhang, L.; Chen, J.; Wang, L.; Che, X., The application quantitative structure-retention relationship of GC to aid MS qualitative analysis, Chin. J. Chromatogr., 1999, 17, 4, 351-353. [all data]

Estel, Mohnke, et al., 1995
Estel, D.; Mohnke; Biermans; Rotzsche, The analysis of C₄-C₁₁ hydrocarbons in naphtha and reformate with a new apolar fused silica column, J. Hi. Res. Chromatogr., 1995, 18, 7, 403-412, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240180703 . [all data]

Zhang, Li, et al., 1992
Zhang, M.J.; Li, S.D.; Chen, B.J., Compositional studies of high-temperature coal tar by GC/FTIR analysis of light oil fractions, Chromatographia, 1992, 33, 3/4, 138-146, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275894 . [all data]

Engewald and Maurer, 1990
Engewald, W.; Maurer, T., Enhanced possibilities for identification by the use of series-coupled capillary gas chromatographic columns. I. General exposition and application of the retention index concept, J. Chromatogr., 1990, 520, 3-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(90)85078-A . [all data]

Matisová and Kurán, 1990
Matisová, E.; Kurán, P., Reproducibility of retention indices measurement of alkylbenzenes on crosslinked methyl silicone phase fused silica capillaries, Chromatographia, 1990, 30, 5/6, 328-332, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02319717 . [all data]

Matisová, Kovacicová, et al., 1989
Matisová, E.; Kovacicová, E.; Ha, P.T.; Kolek, E.; Engewald, W., Identification of alkylbenzenes up to C₁₂ by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. II. Retention indices on OV-101 columns and retention-molecular structure correlations, J. Chromatogr., 1989, 475, 2, 113-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89667-9 . [all data]

Matisová, Moravcová, et al., 1988
Matisová, E.; Moravcová, A.; Krupcík; Cellár, P.; Leclercq, P.A., Problems with the reproducibility of retention data on capillary columns with hydrocarbon C₈₇ as the stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 454, 65-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88602-1 . [all data]

Matisová, Rukríglová, et al., 1988
Matisová, E.; Rukríglová, M.; Krupcík, J.; Kovacicová, E.; Holotík, S., Identification of alkylbenzenes up to C₁₂ by capillary gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. I. OV-101 as stationary phase, J. Chromatogr., 1988, 455, 301-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)82129-4 . [all data]

Tóth, 1983
Tóth, T., Use of capillary gas chromatography in collecting retention and chemical information for the analysis of complex petrochemical mixtures, J. Chromatogr., 1983, 279, 157-165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93614-3 . [all data]

Nabivach and Kirilenko, 1979
Nabivach, V.M.; Kirilenko, A.V., The use of retention indices for identifying the components of crude benzene, Solid Fuel Chem. (Engl. Transl.), 1979, 13, 3, 82-87. [all data]

Engewald and Wennrich, 1976
Engewald, W.; Wennrich, L., Molekülstruktur und Retentionsverhalten. VIII. Zum Retentionsverhalten höherer Alkylbenzole bei der Gas-Verteilungs-Chromatographie, Chromatographia, 1976, 9, 11, 540-547, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275960 . [all data]

Soják and Rijks, 1976
Soják, L.; Rijks, J.A., Capillary gas chromatography of alkylbenzenes. I. Some problems encountered with the precision of the retention indcies of alkylbenzenes, J. Chromatogr., 1976, 119, 505-521, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)86812-0 . [all data]

Mitra, Mohan, et al., 1974
Mitra, G.D.; Mohan, G.; Sinha, A., Gas chromatographic analysis of complex hydrocarbon mixtures, J. Chromatogr. A, 1974, 91, 633-648, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)97944-0 . [all data]

Svob and Deur-Siftar, 1974
Svob, V.; Deur-Siftar, D., Kovats Retention Indices in the Identification of Alkylbenzene Degradation Products, J. Chromatogr., 1974, 91, 677-689, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)97947-6 . [all data]

Wang, Fingas, et al., 1994
Wang, Z.; Fingas, M.; Li, K., Fractionation of a light crude oil and identification and quantitation of aliphatic, aromatic, and biomarker comopunds by GC-FID and GC-MS, Part II, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 1994, 32, 9, 367-382, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/32.9.367 . [all data]

Ramarathnam, Rubin, et al., 1993
Ramarathnam, N.; Rubin, L.J.; Diosady, L.L., Studies on meat flavor. 4. Fractionation, characterization, and quantitation of volatiles from uncured and cured beef and chicken, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1993, 41, 6, 939-945, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00030a020 . [all data]

Hayes and Pitzer, 1982
Hayes, P.C., Jr.; Pitzer, E.W., Characterizing petroleum- and shale-derived jet fuel distillates via temperature-programmed Kováts indices, J. Chromatogr., 1982, 253, 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88376-X . [all data]

Louis, 1971
Louis, R., Kovats-index-tafeln zur gaschromatographischen analyse von kohlenwasserstoffgemischen, Erdoel Kohle Erdgas Petrochem., 1971, 24, 2, 88-94. [all data]

Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997
Haagen-Smit Laboratory, Procedure for the detailed hydrocarbon analysis of gasolines by single column high efficiency (capillary) column gas chromatography, SOP NO. MLD 118, Revision No. 1.1, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, El Monte, California, 1997, 22. [all data]

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Notes

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Symbols used in this document:

T_boil Boiling point

T_fus Fusion (melting) point

Δ_vapH Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH° Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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T_boil	Boiling point
T_fus	Fusion (melting) point
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
Δ_vapH°	Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions