Naphthalene

Formula: C₁₀H₈
Molecular weight: 128.1705
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C10H8/c1-2-6-10-8-4-3-7-9(10)5-1/h1-8H
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 91-20-3
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- Naphthalene-D8
Other names: Albocarbon; Dezodorator; Moth flakes; Naphthalin; Naphthaline; Naphthene; Tar camphor; White tar; Camphor tar; Moth balls; Naftalen; NCI-C52904; Mighty 150; Mighty RD1; Rcra waste number U165; UN 1334; UN 2304; NSC 37565
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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Polydimethyl siloxane: CP-Sil 5 CB	HP-5 MS	Petrocol DH	VF-5 MS	VF-5 MS
Column length (m)	60.	30.	100.	60.	60.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	1.0	0.25	0.50	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	45.	35.	20.	30.	30.
T_end (C)	210.	300.	220.	260.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.6	3.	15.	2.	2.
Initial hold (min)	1.45	5.	15.
Final hold (min)	2.72	15.	30.	28.	28.
I	1173.	1176.	1181.	1186.	1188.
Reference	Bramston-Cook, 2013	Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012	Supelco, 2012	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011	Leffingwell and Alford, 2011
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5 MS	HP-5 MS	HP-5 MS	HP-5	HP-5 MS
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Hydrogen	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	70.	60.	70.	70.	35.
T_end (C)	290.	220.	290.	290.	195.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	5.	5.	5.	2.
Initial hold (min)		10.			5.
Final hold (min)			10.		30.
I	1187.	1181.	1190.	1191.	1174.
Reference	Lazarevic, Radulovic, et al., 2010	Ogunwande, Flamini, et al., 2010	Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010	Radulovic, Dordevic, et al., 2010	Kim and Chung, 2009
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	PONA	HP-5 MS	DB-5 MS	OV-1	Ultra-2
Column length (m)	50.	30.	30.	30.	50.
Carrier gas	Nitrogen		Helium	Nitrogen	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.20	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.50		0.25		0.32
T_start (C)	35.	60.	50.	60.	50.
T_end (C)	200.	280.	300.	290.	270.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	3.	5.	4.	2.
Initial hold (min)	15.		5.
Final hold (min)	10.		5.
I	1178.	1179.	1178.	1168.	1196.
Reference	Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009	Baziou, Couladis, et al., 2008	Noudogbessi, Yedomonhan, et al., 2008	Asif and Fazeelat, 2006	Schlumpberger B.O., Clery R.A., et al., 2006
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	DB-1	HP-5	DB-5	HP-5
Column length (m)	60.	60.	60.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.25	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	35.	35.	30.	40.	40.
T_end (C)	230.	230.	260.	260.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	2.	2.	2.	5.
Initial hold (min)	4.	4.	2.	5.	2.
Final hold (min)	25.	25.	28.	20.	5.
I	1153.	1157.	1182.6	1180.	1160.
Reference	Lee, Lee, et al., 2005	Lee, Lee, et al., 2005	Leffingwell and Alford, 2005	Senatore, Apostolides Arnold, et al., 2005	N/A
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	5 % Phenyl methyl siloxane	SPB-5	DB-5	HP-5	DB-5MS
Column length (m)	0.	60.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	He	Helium	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	1.	1.0	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	30.	60.	60.	60.
T_end (C)	250.	230.	240.	275.	270.
Heat rate (K/min)	7.	3.	3.	4.	3.
Initial hold (min)	10.
Final hold (min)	5.
I	1186.	1208.	1182.	1177.	1181.
Reference	Ramírez, Estévez, et al., 2004	Sebastian, Viallon-Fernandez, et al., 2003	Flamini, Ertugrul, et al., 2002	Ghannadi, Sajjadi, et al., 2002	Zoghbi, Andrade, et al., 2002
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	Optima-1	HP-5	OV-1	OV-1
Column length (m)	30.	25.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	H2	H2	H2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.20	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	50.	40.	80.	100.
T_end (C)	240.	250.	280.	275.	275.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	3.	5.	4.
Initial hold (min)		3.	10.
Final hold (min)			10.
I	1178.	1165.	1175.	1150.	1159.
Reference	Zoghbi, Andrade, et al., 2002, 2	de Beck, Bessière, et al., 2000	Bicalho, Pereira, et al., 2000	Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000	Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	C103H208	C103H208	BP-1	HP-5	HP-5
Column length (m)			50.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	H2	H2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)			0.22	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.75	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	80.	100.	50.	50.	50.
T_end (C)	275.	275.	200.	310.	310.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	4.	5.	5.	5.
Initial hold (min)				2.	2.
Final hold (min)
I	1192.	1200.	1196.	1183.	1183.
Reference	Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000	Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000	Health Safety Executive, 2000	Miao and Wu, 1999	Miao and Wu, 1999
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	HP-5	HP-5	HP-5	HP-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	50.	50.	50.	50.
T_end (C)	310.	310.	310.	310.	310.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	5.	5.	5.	5.
Initial hold (min)	2.	2.	2.	2.	2.
Final hold (min)
I	1184.	1184.	1184.	1184.	1186.
Reference	Miao and Wu, 1999	Miao and Wu, 1999	Miao and Wu, 1999	Miao and Wu, 1999	Miao and Wu, 1999
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	OV-1	HP-5	DB-5	HP-1
Column length (m)	30.		50.	30.	25.
Carrier gas				He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32		0.32	0.25	0.2
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25		0.52	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	50.	35.	60.	35.
T_end (C)	310.	160.	250.	240.	200.
Heat rate (K/min)	5.	2.	2.	3.	5.
Initial hold (min)	2.		15.		5.
Final hold (min)			45.
I	1187.	1158.	1177.	1177.	1159.
Reference	Miao and Wu, 1999	Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999	Boylston and Viniyard, 1998	El-Sakhawy, El-Tantawy, et al., 1998	Quiroz A. and Niemeyer H.M., 1998
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Ultra-1	SPB-1	PB-1	DB-5	DB-5 MS
Column length (m)	50.	50.	50.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	H2	He	H2	H2	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.2	0.2	0.32	0.32	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.33	0.33	0.2	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	40.	80.	80.	50.
T_end (C)	300.	200.	270.	270.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	4.	4.	4.
Initial hold (min)		3.	2.	2.
Final hold (min)	35.	30.	5.	5.
I	1164.	1156.	1164.	1164.	1186.
Reference	Elizalde-González, Hutfliess, et al., 1996	Wong and Lai, 1996	Andersson and Weis, 1994	Andersson and Weis, 1994	Gomez and Ledbetter, 1994
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-5	DB-5	DB-5	DB-1	Ultra-1
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	60.	25.
Carrier gas		H2	H2	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.241	1.	1.	1.2	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	40.	40.	30.	80.
T_end (C)	160.	220.	220.	240.	260.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	3.	3.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)	2.			10.
Final hold (min)
I	1187.87	1191.	1192.	1180.	1154.
Reference	Kim, Kim, et al., 1993	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	Ciccioli, Cecinato, et al., 1992	Okumura, 1991
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	SE-30	OV-101	OV-101	SE-54	DB-1
Column length (m)	10.	54.	54.	25.	50.
Carrier gas		Helium	Helium	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.26	0.26	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)
T_start (C)	20.	75.	75.	50.	0.
T_end (C)	200.	220.	220.	250.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	6.	6.	8.	3.
Initial hold (min)		0.	0.	2.
Final hold (min)		0.	0.	12.
I	1142.	1170.	1173.	1176.	1155.
Reference	Yaacob, Abdullah, et al., 1989	Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1989	Zenkevich and Tsibulskaya, 1989	Harland, Cumming, et al., 1986	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	OV-101	OV-101	DB-1	SE-30
Column length (m)	50.	50.	50.	60.	50.
Carrier gas			He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.32	0.31	0.32	0.5
Phase thickness (μm)
T_start (C)	50.	50.	0.	50.	40.
T_end (C)	250.	225.	225.	250.	170.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	4.	3.	4.	3.
Initial hold (min)		0.1	1.	0.1	3.
Final hold (min)		30.		5.
I	1153.	1159.	1147.	1155.	1163.
Reference	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985	Stern, Flath, et al., 1985	del Rosario, de Lumen, et al., 1984	Flath, Mon, et al., 1983	Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary
Active phase	SE-30
Column length (m)	50.
Carrier gas	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.5
Phase thickness (μm)
T_start (C)	40.
T_end (C)	170.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.
Initial hold (min)	3.
Final hold (min)
I	1162.
Reference	Heydanek and McGorrin, 1981, 2
Comment	MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Bramston-Cook, 2013
Bramston-Cook, R., Kovats indices for C2-C13 hydrocarbons and selected oxygenated/halocarbons with 100 % dimethylpolysiloxane columns, 2013, retrieved from http://lotusinstruments.com/monographs/List .... [all data]

Kotowska, Zalikowski, et al., 2012
Kotowska, U.; Zalikowski, M.; Isidorov, V.A., HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted from municipal sewage sludge, Environ. Monit. Asses., 2012, 184, 5, 2893-2907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2158-8 . [all data]

Supelco, 2012
Supelco, CatalogNo. 24160-U, Petrocol DH Columns. Catalog No. 24160-U, 2012, retrieved from http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Supelco/Datasheet/1/w97949.Par.0001.File.tmp/w97949.pdf. [all data]

Leffingwell and Alford, 2011
Leffingwell, J.; Alford, E.D., Volatile constituents of the giant pufball mushroom (Calvatia gigantea), Leffingwell Rep., 2011, 4, 1-17. [all data]

Lazarevic, Radulovic, et al., 2010
Lazarevic, J.; Radulovic, N.; Palic, R.; Zlatkovic, B., Chemical Analusis of volatile constituents of Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville subsp. erecta (Apiaceae) from Serbia, J. Essential Oil. Res., 2010, 22, 3, 153-156, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700290 . [all data]

Ogunwande, Flamini, et al., 2010
Ogunwande, I.A.; Flamini, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Omikorede, O.; Azeez, R.A.; Ayodele, A.A.; Kamil, Y.O., Aromatic plants growing in Nigeria: essential oil constituents of Cassia alata (Linn.) Roxb. and Helianthus annuus L., Rec. Nat. Prod., 2010, 4, 4, 211-217. [all data]

Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.; Blagojevic, P.; Palic, R., Comparative study of the leaf volatiles of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae), Molecules, 2010, 15, 9, 6168-6185, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096168 . [all data]

Radulovic, Dordevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.S.; Dordevic, N.D.; Palic, R.M., Volatiles of Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm. (Apiaceae), J. Serbian Chem. Soc., 2010, 75, 12, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC100323127R . [all data]

Kim and Chung, 2009
Kim, J.-S.; Chung, H.Y., GC-MS analysis of the volatile components in dried boxthorn (Lycium chimensis) Fruit, J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 2009, 52, 5, 516-524, https://doi.org/10.3839/jksabc.2009.088 . [all data]

Zhang, Ding, et al., 2009
Zhang, X.; Ding, L.; Sun, Z.; Song, L.; Sun, T., Study on quantitative structure-retention relationships for hydrocarbons in FCC gasoline, Chromatographia, 2009, 70, 3/4, 511-518, https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1174-0 . [all data]

Baziou, Couladis, et al., 2008
Baziou, P.; Couladis, M.; Petrakis, P.V.; Verykokidou, E.; Harvala, C., Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Hypericum perfoliatum from Greece, 2008, retrieved from http://www.amapseec.org/cmapseec.1/Papers/pap_p065.htm. [all data]

Noudogbessi, Yedomonhan, et al., 2008
Noudogbessi, J.-P.; Yedomonhan, P.; Sohounhloue, D.C.K.; Chalchat, J.-C.; Figueredo, G., Chemical composition of essential oil of syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. var. guineense (Myrtaceae) from Benin, Rec. Nat. Prod., 2008, 33-38. [all data]

Asif and Fazeelat, 2006
Asif, M.; Fazeelat, T., Characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons in Dhurnal oil from Northen Indus Basin, J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan, 2006, 28, 2, 169-175. [all data]

Schlumpberger B.O., Clery R.A., et al., 2006
Schlumpberger B.O.; Clery R.A.; Barthlott W., A unique cactus with scented and possibly bat-dispersed fruits: Rhipsalis juengeri, Plant Biology, 2006, 8, 2, 265-270, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-873045 . [all data]

Lee, Lee, et al., 2005
Lee, K.-G.; Lee, S.-E.; Takeoka, G.R.; Kim, J.-H.; Park, B.-S., Antioxidant activity and characterization of volatile constituents of beechwood creosote, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2005, 85, 9, 1580-1586, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2156 . [all data]

Leffingwell and Alford, 2005
Leffingwell, J.C.; Alford, E.D., Volatile constituents of Perique tobacco, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 4, 2, 899-915. [all data]

Senatore, Apostolides Arnold, et al., 2005
Senatore, F.; Apostolides Arnold, N.; Bruno, M., Volatile components of Centaurea eryngioides Lam. and Centaurea liberica Trev. var. hermonis Boiss. Lam., two Asteraceae growing wild in Lebanon, Nat. Prod. Res., 2005, 19, 8, 749-754, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410412331302136 . [all data]

Ramírez, Estévez, et al., 2004
Ramírez, M.R.; Estévez, M.; Morcuende, D.; Cava, R., Effect of the type of frying culinary fat on volatile compounds isolated in fried pork loin chops by using SPME-GC-MS, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 25, 7637-7643, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049207s . [all data]

Sebastian, Viallon-Fernandez, et al., 2003
Sebastian, I.; Viallon-Fernandez, C.; Berge, P.; Berdague, J.-L., Analysis of the volatile fraction of lamb fat tissue: influence of the type of feeding, Sciences des Aliments, 2003, 23, 4, 497-511, https://doi.org/10.3166/sda.23.497-511 . [all data]

Flamini, Ertugrul, et al., 2002
Flamini, G.; Ertugrul, K.; Cioni, P.L.; Morelli, I.; Dural, H.; Bagci, Y., Volatile constituents of two endemic Centaurea species from Turkey: C. pseudoscabiosa subsp. pseudoscabiosa and C. hadimensis, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2002, 30, 10, 953-959, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00043-1 . [all data]

Ghannadi, Sajjadi, et al., 2002
Ghannadi, A.; Sajjadi, S.E.; Beigihasan, A., Composition of the essential oil of Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. from Iran, DARU, 2002, 10, 4, 165-167, retrieved from http://www1.tums.ac.ir/daru/Daru4%202002/Ghannadi.PDF. [all data]

Zoghbi, Andrade, et al., 2002
Zoghbi, M.G.B.; Andrade, E.H.A.; Maia, J.G.S., Volatile constituents from Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers and Petiveria alliacea L., two medicinal herbs of the Amazon, Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 2, 133-135, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1051 . [all data]

Zoghbi, Andrade, et al., 2002, 2
Zoghbi, M.G.B.; Andrade, E.H.A.; da Silva, M.H.; Maia, J.G.S.; Luz, A.I.R.; da Silva, J.D., Chemical variation in the essential oils of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth., Flavour Fragr. J., 2002, 17, 1, 5-8, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1031 . [all data]

de Beck, Bessière, et al., 2000
de Beck, P.O.; Bessière, J.M.; Dijoux-Franca, M.-G.; David, B.; Mariotte, A.-M., Volatile constituents from leaves and wood of Leea guineensis G. Don (Leeaceae) from Cameroon, Flavour Fragr. J., 2000, 15, 3, 182-185, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200005/06)15:3<182::AID-FFJ888>3.0.CO;2-X . [all data]

Bicalho, Pereira, et al., 2000
Bicalho, B.; Pereira, A.S.; Aquino Neto, F.R.; Pinto, A.C.; Rezende, C.M., Application of high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the investigation of glycosidically bound components related to cashew applie (Anacardium occidentale L. Var. nanum) volatiles, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 4, 1167-1174, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9909252 . [all data]

Dumitrescu, Buda, et al., 2000
Dumitrescu, V.; Buda, W.; Medvedovici, A., Evaluation of new stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography, Rev. Roum. Chim., 2000, 45, 4, 313-318. [all data]

Health Safety Executive, 2000
Health Safety Executive, MDHS 96 Volatile organic compounds in air - Laboratory method using pumed solid sorbent tubes, solvent desorption and gas chromatography in Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) guidance, Crown, Colegate, Norwich, 2000, 1-24, retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/pdfs/mdhs96.pdf. [all data]

Miao and Wu, 1999
Miao, X.; Wu, F., Study on retention behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography in different operation models, J. Instrumental Anal., 1999, 15, 4, 288-292. [all data]

Orav, Kailas, et al., 1999
Orav, A.; Kailas, T.; Muurisepp, M.; Kann, J., Composition of the oil from waste tires. 2. Fraction boiling at 160-180 0C, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem., 1999, 48, 3, 136-140. [all data]

Boylston and Viniyard, 1998
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El-Sakhawy, El-Tantawy, et al., 1998
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Notes

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, References

Symbols used in this document:

T_end Final temperature

T_start Initial temperature
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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