Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfgas2. ± 2.kJ/molReviewManion, 2002derived from recommended ΔfHliquid° and ΔvapH°; DRB
Δfgas2.2 ± 1.4kJ/molCcrMansson, Ringner, et al., 1971ALS

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δfliquid-24. ± 2.kJ/molReviewManion, 2002weighted average of several measurements; DRB
Δfliquid-24.3 ± 1.4kJ/molCcrMansson, Ringner, et al., 1971ALS
Δfliquid-25. ± 1.kJ/molCcbSinke and Stull, 1958ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δcliquid-1096.0 ± 1.4kJ/molCcrMansson, Ringner, et al., 1971ALS
Δcliquid-1095.9kJ/molCcbSinke and Stull, 1958ALS
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
liquid201.54J/mol*KN/AHildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959DH

Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid

Cp,liquid (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
111.29298.15Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959T = 13 to 290 K.; DH

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Tboil304.2KN/AAldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990BS
Tboil304.55KN/AKovac, Svoboda, et al., 1985Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
Tboil304.7KN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Ttriple150.59KN/AHildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959, 2Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 K; TRC
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δvap26.74kJ/molN/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
Δvap26.74 ± 0.09kJ/molReviewManion, 2002derived from vapor pressure data of Hildebranld, Kramer, et al., 1959 plus a correction for non-ideality; DRB
Δvap26.48 ± 0.08kJ/molCMansson, Ringner, et al., 1971ALS
Δvap26.48 ± 0.084kJ/molVHildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959ALS

Enthalpy of vaporization

ΔvapH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Method Reference Comment
26.14304.7N/AMajer and Svoboda, 1985 
26.476298.15N/AHildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959P = 80.03 kPa; DH
28.4260.AStephenson and Malanowski, 1987Based on data from 245. - 305. K. See also Hildenbrand and McDonald, 1959 and Dykyj, 1970.; AC

Entropy of vaporization

ΔvapS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
88.80298.15Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959P; DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (bar)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
244.79 - 305.74.10781104.726-35.403Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of fusion

ΔfusH (kJ/mol) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
6.514150.59Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959DH
6.51150.9Domalski and Hearing, 1996AC

Entropy of fusion

ΔfusS (J/mol*K) Temperature (K) Reference Comment
43.26150.59Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:


Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro- = Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- + Hydrogen chloride

By formula: C2H3Cl3 = C2H2Cl2 + HCl

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr56.9kJ/molEqkLevanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979liquid phase
Δr49.0kJ/molEqkLevanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979gas phase
Δr56.9 ± 2.1kJ/molEqkLevanova, Treger, et al., 1975liquid phase; solvent: Nitrobenzene; Flow reactor at 50°C

Ethane, 1,1,2-trichloro- = Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- + Hydrogen chloride

By formula: C2H3Cl3 = C2H2Cl2 + HCl

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr51.5kJ/molEqkLevanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979gas phase
Δr65.3kJ/molEqkLevanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979liquid phase

Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- + Hydrogen chloride = Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-

By formula: C2H2Cl2 + HCl = C2H3Cl3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-54.64 ± 0.84kJ/molEqkHu, Sinke, et al., 1972gas phase; Heat of halogenation at 348-399 K

Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- = Ethylene, 1,2-dichloro-, (Z)-

By formula: C2H2Cl2 = C2H2Cl2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-5.52kJ/molEqkRozhnov, Levanova, et al., 1974liquid phase; solvent: Dichloromethylene; GC

Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- = Ethylene, 1,2-dichloro-, (E)-

By formula: C2H2Cl2 = C2H2Cl2

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
Δr-3.5kJ/molEqkRozhnov, Levanova, et al., 1974liquid phase; solvent: Dichloroethylene; GC

Henry's Law data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Rolf Sander

Henry's Law constant (water solution)

kH(T) = H exp(d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K)))
H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))
d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) = Temperature dependence constant (K)

H (mol/(kg*bar)) d(ln(kH))/d(1/T) (K) Method Reference Comment
0.0344000.LN/A 
0.0373100.XN/A 
0.043 QN/A missing citation give several references for the Henry's law constants but don't assign them to specific species.
0.0344500.XN/A 
0.0372900.XN/A 
0.0393700.MGossett, 1987 
0.0651200.XN/A 
0.0274600.XLeighton and Calo, 1981 
0.0076 LN/A 
0.0146600.XN/A 
0.0052 VN/A 
0.0061 VN/AValue at T = 293. K.
0.0065 MPearson and McConnell, 1975The same data was also published in missing citation. Value at T = 293. K.

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
IE (evaluated)9.81 ± 0.04eVN/AN/AL

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.099999ECDWiley, Chen, et al., 1991B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
9.83PELake and Thompson, 1970RDSH
9.74PEJonathan, Ross, et al., 1970RDSH
9.86SWalsh, Warsop, et al., 1968RDSH
9.79PIBralsford, Harris, et al., 1960RDSH
10.0PEVon Niessen, Asbrink, et al., 1982Vertical value; LBLHLM
9.99 ± 0.02PEBunzli, Frost, et al., 1976Vertical value; LLK
10.00PEWittel and Bock, 1974Vertical value; LLK

IR Spectrum

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Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty


Mass spectrum (electron ionization)

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Spectrum

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Mass spectrum
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Additional Data

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Due to licensing restrictions, this spectrum cannot be downloaded.

Owner NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center
Collection (C) 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce
on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Origin NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, 1990.
NIST MS number 114911

All mass spectra in this site (plus many more) are available from the NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library. Please see the following for information about the library and its accompanying search program.


Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi

Symmetry:   C     Symmetry Number σ = 2


 Sym.   No   Approximate   Selected Freq.  Infrared   Raman   Comments 
 Species   type of mode   Value   Rating   Value  Phase  Value  Phase

a1 1 CH2 s-str 3035  D 3035 W gas 3035 VS p liq. l4 solution
a1 2 CC str 1627  C 1627 VS gas 1616 VS p liq.
a1 3 CH2 scis 1400  C 1400 M gas 1391 M p liq.
a1 4 CCl2 s-str 603  C 603 VS gas 601 VS p liq.
a1 5 CCl2 scis 299  C 299 W gas 299 S p liq.
a2 6 Torsion 686  D  ia 686 M dp liq.
b1 7 CH2 a-str 3130  D 3130 W gas 3130 S dp liq. l4 solution
b1 8 CH2 rock 1095  C 1095 VS gas 1088 VW liq.
b1 9 CCl2 a-str 800  B 800 VS gas 788 M dp liq.
b1 10 CCl2 rock 372  C 372 M gas 375 S dp liq.
b2 11 CH2 wag 875  B 875 S gas 874 W liq.
b2 12 CCl2 wag 460  B 460 S gas 458 M dp liq.

Source: Shimanouchi, 1972

Notes

VSVery strong
SStrong
MMedium
WWeak
VWVery weak
iaInactive
pPolarized
dpDepolarized
B1~3 cm-1 uncertainty
C3~6 cm-1 uncertainty
D6~15 cm-1 uncertainty

Gas Chromatography

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryOV-170.513.Annino and Villalobos, 199922.6 m/0.53 mm/2.78 μm
CapillaryOV-150.513.Villalobos, 199530. m/0.32 mm/0.96 μm
PackedOV-1100.517.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedOV-1125.519.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedOV-175.517.Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m

Kovats' RI, polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type Active phase Temperature (C) I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax 20M70.744.Annino and Villalobos, 199931.3 m/0.53 mm/0.54 μm
CapillaryCarbowax 20M50.744.Villalobos, 199530. m/0.32 mm/0.54 μm, He
PackedSP-1000100.744.91Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedSP-1000125.750.44Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m
PackedSP-100075.734.18Castello and Gerbino, 1988He, Chromosorb W DMCS; Column length: 3. m

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-5521.1Xu, van Stee, et al., 200330. m/0.25 mm/1. μm, He, 2.5 K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryBP-1513.Health Safety Executive, 200050. m/0.22 mm/0.75 μm, He, 5. K/min; Tstart: 50. C; Tend: 200. C
CapillarySE-54489.Huang, Liang, et al., 199636. m/0.25 mm/0.25 μm, 5. K/min; Tstart: 35. C; Tend: 240. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryPolydimethyl siloxanes498.Zenkevich, 2003Program: not specified
CapillaryMethyl Silicone498.Zenkevich, 2001Program: not specified
CapillarySPB-1512.Flanagan, Streete, et al., 199760. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C
CapillarySPB-1511.Flanagan, Streete, et al., 199760. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C
CapillaryDB-5522.Sorimachi, Tanabe, et al., 1995He; Column length: 30. m; Program: not specified
CapillarySPB-1512.Strete, Ruprah, et al., 199260. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C
CapillarySPB-1511.Strete, Ruprah, et al., 199260. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C
CapillarySPB-1515.Strete, Ruprah, et al., 199260. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1, SE-30, Methyl silicone, SP-2100, OV-101, DB-1, etc.520.Waggott and Davies, 1984Hydrogen; Column length: 50. m; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Program: not specified
CapillaryOV-1515.Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982Program: not specified

Normal alkane RI, polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryDB-Wax736.Shimadzu, 201230. m/0.32 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 260. C
CapillaryDB-Wax736.Shimadzu Corporation, 200330. m/0.32 mm/0.5 μm, He, 4. K/min; Tstart: 40. C; Tend: 260. C

Normal alkane RI, polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type Active phase I Reference Comment
CapillaryCarbowax 20M715.Ramsey and Flanagan, 1982Program: not specified

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Henry's Law data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Mass spectrum (electron ionization), Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, NIST Free Links, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Manion, 2002
Manion, J.A., Evaluated Enthalpies of Formation of the Stable Closed Shell C1 and C2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2002, 31, 1, 123-172, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1420703 . [all data]

Mansson, Ringner, et al., 1971
Mansson, M.; Ringner, B.; Sunner, S., The enthalpies of combustion and formation of some simple chloroalkanes and chloralkenes 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethene, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1971, 3, 547-551. [all data]

Sinke and Stull, 1958
Sinke, G.C.; Stull, D.R., Heats of combustion of some organic compounds containing chlorine, J. Phys. Chem., 1958, 62, 397-401. [all data]

Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959
Hildenbrand, d.L.; McDonald, R.A.; Kramer, W.R.; Stull, D.R., Thermodynamic and spectroscopic study of vinylidene chloride. I. Thermodynamic properties of the solid, liquid, and ideal gas, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 930-934. [all data]

Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., 1990
Aldrich Chemical Company Inc., Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals, Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee WI, 1990, 1. [all data]

Kovac, Svoboda, et al., 1985
Kovac, A.; Svoboda, J.; Ondrus, I., Vapor-liquid equilibrium of some binary systems containing 1,1-dichloroethylene, Chem. Zvesti, 1985, 39, 6, 729. [all data]

Majer and Svoboda, 1985
Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. [all data]

Hildenbrand, McDonald, et al., 1959, 2
Hildenbrand, D.L.; McDonald, R.A.; Kramer, W.R.; Stull, D.R., Thermodyn. and spectroscopic study of vinylidene chloride. I. Thermodyn. properties of the solid, liquid, and ideal gas, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 930-4. [all data]

Hildebranld, Kramer, et al., 1959
Hildebranld, D.L.; Kramer, W.K.; McDonald, R.A.; Stull, D.R., Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Study of Vinylidene Chloride. I. Thermodynamic Properties of the Solid, Liquid, and Ideal Gas, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 4, 930, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1730128 . [all data]

Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987
Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 . [all data]

Hildenbrand and McDonald, 1959
Hildenbrand, D.L.; McDonald, R.A., The Heat of Vaporization and Vapor Pressure of Carbon Tetrachloride; The Entropy from Calorimetric Data., J. Phys. Chem., 1959, 63, 9, 1521-1522, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150579a053 . [all data]

Dykyj, 1970
Dykyj, J., Petrochemica, 1970, 10, 2, 51. [all data]

Domalski and Hearing, 1996
Domalski, Eugene S.; Hearing, Elizabeth D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 . [all data]

Levanova, Bushneva, et al., 1979
Levanova, s.V.; Bushneva, I.I.; Rodova, R.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Treger, Yu.A.; Aprelkin, A.S., Thermodynamic stability of chloroethanes in dehydrochlorination reactions, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1979, 52, 1439-1442. [all data]

Levanova, Treger, et al., 1975
Levanova, S.V.; Treger, Yu.A.; Velichko, S.M.; Rozhnov, A.M.; Bshneva, L.I.; Talanov, A.I., Equilibrium of the vinylidene chloride-methylchloroform system, Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 1975, 42, 480-481. [all data]

Hu, Sinke, et al., 1972
Hu, A.T.; Sinke, G.C.; Mintz, M.J., The enthalpy of formation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from enthalpy of combustion and equilibrium studies, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1972, 4, 239-245. [all data]

Rozhnov, Levanova, et al., 1974
Rozhnov, A.M.; Levanova, S.V.; Dvornikova, G.A.; Sadovnikova, S.L., Equilibrium of isomerization of dichloroethylenes, J. Appl. Chem. USSR, 1974, 47, 667-669. [all data]

Gossett, 1987
Gossett, J.M., Measurement of Henry's Law Constants for C1 and C2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1987, 21, 202-208. [all data]

Leighton and Calo, 1981
Leighton, D.T.; Calo, J.M., Distribution Coefficients of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Dilute Air-Water Systems for Groundwater Contamination Applications, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1981, 26, 382-385. [all data]

Pearson and McConnell, 1975
Pearson, C.R.; McConnell, G., Chlorinated C1 and C2 Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment, Proc. R. Soc. London, B, 1975, 189, 305-332. [all data]

Wiley, Chen, et al., 1991
Wiley, J.R.; Chen, E.C.M.; Chen, E.S.D.; Richardson, P.; Reed, W.R.; Wentworth, W.E., The Determination of Absolute Electron Affinities of Chlorobenzenes, Chloronaphthalenes and Chlorinated Biphenyls from Reduction Potentials, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfac., 1991, 307, 1-2, 169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)85546-2 . [all data]

Lake and Thompson, 1970
Lake, R.F.; Thompson, H., Photoelectron spectra of halogenated ethylenes, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1970, A315, 323. [all data]

Jonathan, Ross, et al., 1970
Jonathan, N.; Ross, K.; Tomlinson, V., The photoelectron spectra of dichloroethylenes, Intern. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1970, 4, 51. [all data]

Walsh, Warsop, et al., 1968
Walsh, A.D.; Warsop, P.A.; Whiteside, J.A.B., Ultra-violet absorption spectrum of 1,1-dichloro ethylene, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 1968, 64, 1432. [all data]

Bralsford, Harris, et al., 1960
Bralsford, R.; Harris, P.V.; Price, W.C., The effect of fluorine on the electronic spectra and ionization potentials of molecules, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 1960, A258, 459. [all data]

Von Niessen, Asbrink, et al., 1982
Von Niessen, W.; Asbrink, L.; Bieri, G., 30.4 nm He(II) Photoelectron spectra of organic molecules. Part VI. Halogeno-compounds (C,H,X: X = Cl, Br, I), J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1982, 26, 173. [all data]

Bunzli, Frost, et al., 1976
Bunzli, J.C.; Frost, D.C.; Herring, F.G.; McDowell, C.A., Assignment of the doublet states arising from ionization of chlorine lone-pairs in molecules possessing C2v symmetry, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1976, 9, 289. [all data]

Wittel and Bock, 1974
Wittel, K.; Bock, H., Photoelektronenspekten und molekuleigenschaften. XXVII. Chlor- und bromathylene- beispiele fur anderungen in π- und σ-Systemen, Chem. Ber., 1974, 107, 317. [all data]

Shimanouchi, 1972
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Notes

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