Ethylene

Formula: C₂H₄
Molecular weight: 28.0532
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4/c1-2/h1-2H2
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 74-85-1
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Isotopologues:
- (Z)-Ethylene-1,2-d2
Other names: Ethene; Acetene; Bicarburretted hydrogen; Elayl; Olefiant gas; C2H4; Athylen; Liquid ethyene; UN 1038; UN 1962
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Information on this page:
Other data available:
- Condensed phase thermochemistry data
- Reaction thermochemistry data: reactions 1 to 50, reactions 51 to 54
- Henry's Law data
- Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
- UV/Visible spectrum
- Fluid Properties
Data at other public NIST sites:
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Gas phase thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr.
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein
GT - Glushko Thermocenter, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_gas	12.54	kcal/mol	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Δ_fH°_gas	12.5 ± 0.1	kcal/mol	Review	Manion, 2002	adopted recommendation of Gurvich, Veyts, et al., 1991; DRB
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_cH°_gas	-337.285 ± 0.072	kcal/mol	Cm	Rossini and Knowlton, 1937	Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -337.230 ± 0.072 kcal/mol; Corresponding Δ_fHº_gas = 12.55 kcal/mol (simple calculation by NIST; no Washburn corrections); ALS
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
S°_{gas,1 bar}	52.419	cal/mol*K	Review	Chase, 1998	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

C_p,gas (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
7.949	50.	Thermodynamics Research Center, 1997	p=1 bar. Recommended entropies and heat capacities are in good agreement with those obtained from other statistical thermodynamics calculations [ Chao J., 1975, Gurvich, Veyts, et al., 1989] as well as with ab initio value of S(298.15 K)=219.14 J/mol*K [ East A.L.L., 1997].; GT
7.952	100.
8.045	150.
8.454	200.
9.704	273.15
10.25	298.15
10.30	300.
12.68	400.
14.93	500.
16.89	600.
18.57	700.
20.03	800.
21.31	900.
22.44	1000.
23.42	1100.
24.285	1200.
25.038	1300.
25.700	1400.
26.281	1500.
27.440	1750.
28.291	2000.
28.927	2250.
29.412	2500.
29.785	2750.
30.081	3000.

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

C_p,gas (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
8.284 ± 0.062	178.15	Burcik E.J., 1941	Other experimental values of heat capacity [ Haas M.E., 1932] are less accurate, see [ Chao J., 1975]. Please also see Eucken A., 1933.; GT
8.437 ± 0.062	192.35
8.674 ± 0.065	210.40
8.975 ± 0.067	230.90
9.326 ± 0.069	250.60
9.739 ± 0.005	270.7
9.804 ± 0.074	271.80
10.24 ± 0.076	293.45
10.39 ± 0.041	300.0
10.99 ± 0.01	320.7
11.89 ± 0.088	367.7
14.16 ± 0.11	463.6

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

C_p° = A + B*t + C*t² + D*t³ + E/t²
H° − H°_298.15= A*t + B*t²/2 + C*t³/3 + D*t⁴/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t²/2 + D*t³/3 − E/(2*t²) + G
C_p = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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View table.

Temperature (K)	298. to 1200.	1200. to 6000.
A	-1.526740	25.45660
B	44.07311	3.282171
C	-27.00091	-0.628222
D	6.810691	0.041729
E	0.075416	-6.248731
F	11.51370	-8.451810
G	38.99541	65.73671
H	12.53990	12.53990
Reference	Chase, 1998	Chase, 1998
Comment	Data last reviewed in September, 1965	Data last reviewed in September, 1965

Phase change data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director
DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing
AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_boil	169. ± 1.	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_fus	103.8	K	N/A	Streng, 1971	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.2 K; TRC
T_fus	103.7	K	N/A	Kistiakowsky, Romeyn, et al., 1935	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.5 K; TRC
T_fus	103.7	K	N/A	Parks and Huffman, 1931	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 1. K; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_triple	104.0 ± 0.1	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 9 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_triple	0.0012	atm	N/A	Jahangiri, Jacobsen, et al., 1986	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.00005 atm; TRC
P_triple	0.0012	atm	N/A	Jahangiri, 1984	TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
T_c	282.5 ± 0.5	K	AVG	N/A	Average of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
P_c	49.9 ± 0.5	atm	AVG	N/A	Average of 10 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
V_c	0.1311	l/mol	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
V_c	0.13099	l/mol	N/A	Jahangiri, 1984	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.00002 l/mol; TRC
V_c	0.13098	l/mol	N/A	Douslin and Harrison, 1976	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0001 l/mol; TRC
V_c	0.12868	l/mol	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1974	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0001 l/mol; TRC
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ρ_c	7.63 ± 0.004	mol/l	N/A	Tsonopoulos and Ambrose, 1996
ρ_c	7.6334	mol/l	N/A	Jahangiri, Jacobsen, et al., 1986	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.004 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	7.6341	mol/l	N/A	Hastings, Levelt Sengers, et al., 1980	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.0007 mol/l; PVT, Burnett apparatus, Unct. value one standard deviation from fitting.; TRC
ρ_c	18.894	mol/l	N/A	Angus, Armstrong, et al., 1974	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.007 mol/l; TRC
ρ_c	7.6986	mol/l	N/A	Mathias, Crommelin, et al., 1929	Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; TRC

Enthalpy of vaporization

Δ_vapH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.2371	169.40	N/A	Egan and Kemp, 1937	DH
3.35	267.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 252. to 282. K.; AC
3.27	258.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 170. to 273. K.; AC
3.44	155.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 120. to 170. K.; AC
3.27	196.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 169. to 211. K.; AC
3.25	239.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 209. to 254. K.; AC
3.37	167.	A	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 120. to 182. K. See also Dykyj, 1970.; AC
3.35	175.	N/A	Michels and Wassenaar, 1950	Based on data from 150. to 190. K.; AC
3.42	161.	N/A	Lamb and Roper, 1940	Based on data from 148. to 174. K.; AC
3.44	156.	N/A	Egan and Kemp, 1937	Based on data from 124. to 171. K.; AC

Entropy of vaporization

Δ_vapS (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
19.11	169.40	Egan and Kemp, 1937	DH

Antoine Equation Parameters

log₁₀(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
P = vapor pressure (atm)
T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K)	A	B	C	Reference	Comment
149.37 to 188.57	3.86690	584.146	-18.307	Michels and Wassenaar, 1950	Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Enthalpy of sublimation

Δ_subH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
4.40	91.5	A,MS	Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987	Based on data from 79. to 104. K. See also Tickner and Lossing, 1951.; AC
3.59	77. to 103.	N/A	Menaucourt, 1982	AC

Enthalpy of fusion

Δ_fusH (kcal/mol)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
0.8009	103.97	Chao, Hall, et al., 1983	DH
0.8009	103.95	Egan and Kemp, 1937	DH
0.801	104.	Domalski and Hearing, 1996	AC

Entropy of fusion

Δ_fusS (cal/mol*K)	Temperature (K)	Reference	Comment
7.703	103.97	Chao, Hall, et al., 1983	DH
7.703	103.95	Egan and Kemp, 1937	DH

In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following TRC products:

Gas phase ion energetics data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data evaluated as indicated in comments:
HL - Edward P. Hunter and Sharon G. Lias
L - Sharon G. Lias

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
B - John E. Bartmess
LL - Sharon G. Lias and Joel F. Liebman
LBLHLM - Sharon G. Lias, John E. Bartmess, Joel F. Liebman, John L. Holmes, Rhoda D. Levin, and W. Gary Mallard
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron

View reactions leading to C₂H₄⁺ (ion structure unspecified)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
IE (evaluated)	10.5138 ± 0.0006	eV	N/A	N/A	L
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Proton affinity (review)	162.6	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Gas basicity	155.7	kcal/mol	N/A	Hunter and Lias, 1998	HL
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH°_{(+) ion}	254.9 ± 0.2	kcal/mol	N/A	N/A
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_fH_{(+) ion,0K}	257.	kcal/mol	N/A	N/A

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV)	Method	Reference	Comment
10.51	CI	Ohno, Okamura, et al., 1995	LL
10.5138 ± 0.0006	LS	Williams and Cool, 1991	LL
10.51 ± 0.015	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
10.509 ± 0.005	EVAL	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
10.51	PE	Kimura, Katsumata, et al., 1981	LLK
10.50 ± 0.02	PI	Wood and Taylor, 1979	LLK
10.514 ± 0.007	PE	Carlier and Botter, 1979	LLK
10.51	PE	Sell, Mintz, et al., 1978	LLK
10.51 ± 0.02	PE	Bieri, Burger, et al., 1977	LLK
~10.5	EI	Van Veen, 1976	LLK
10.517 ± 0.002	TE	Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975	LLK
10.517 ± 0.003	TE	Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975, 2	LLK
10.51	PI	Rabalais, Debies, et al., 1974	LLK
10.5	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
10.507 ± 0.004	PI	Knowles and Nicholson, 1974	LLK
10.51 ± 0.01	EI	Gordon, Krige, et al., 1974	LLK
10.515 ± 0.003	PE	Masclet, Grosjean, et al., 1973	LLK
10.51	PE	Beez, Bieri, et al., 1973	LLK
10.51	PE	Mason, Kuppermann, et al., 1972	LLK
10.51	PE	Brundle, Robin, et al., 1972	LLK
10.56	PE	Frost and Sandhu, 1971	LLK
10.51 ± 0.02	PE	Branton, Frost, et al., 1970	RDSH
10.51 ± 0.05	PE	Eland, 1969	RDSH
10.50 ± 0.05	EI	Williams and Hamill, 1968	RDSH
10.51	PE	Baker, Baker, et al., 1968	RDSH
10.511 ± 0.005	PI	Brehm, 1966	RDSH
10.50 ± 0.01	PI	Botter, Dibeler, et al., 1966	RDSH
10.507 ± 0.004	PI	Nicholson, 1965	RDSH
10.50 ± 0.02	PI	Momigny, 1963	RDSH
10.52 ± 0.01	PI	Watanabe, 1954	RDSH
10.51 ± 0.03	S	Price and Tutte, 1940	RDSH
10.80 ± 0.05	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
10.68	PE	Bieri and Asbrink, 1980	Vertical value; LLK
10.50 ± 0.01	PE	Krause, Taylor, et al., 1978	Vertical value; LLK
10.5	PE	Kobayashi, 1978	Vertical value; LLK
10.5	PE	White, Carlson, et al., 1974	Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion	AE (eV)	Other Products	Method	Reference	Comment
C⁺	≤18.30 ± 0.16	CH₄	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
C⁺	24.4	?	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
C⁺	24.6 ± 0.5	?	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
CH⁺	17.68 ± 0.16	CH₃	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
CH⁺	22.1	?	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
CH⁺	22.9 ± 0.5	?	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
CH₂⁺	17.82 ± 0.06	CH₂	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
CH₂⁺	18.04 ± 0.04	CH₂	TE	Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975, 2	LLK
CH₂⁺	18.4	CH₂	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
CH₂⁺	18.05	CH₂	PI	Chupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1969	RDSH
CH₂⁺	19.2 ± 0.3	?	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
CH₃⁺	15.60 ± 0.20	CH^-	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
CH₃⁺	16.95 ± 0.15	CH	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
CH₃⁺	19.3	?	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
CH₄⁺	18.66	C^-	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
C₂⁺	24.5	?	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂⁺	26.4 ± 1.0	2H+H₂	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
C₂H⁺	18.7	H+H₂	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂H⁺	19.2 ± 1.0	H+H₂	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
C₂H₂⁺	13.14 ± 0.03	H₂	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
C₂H₂⁺	13.2 ± 0.1	H₂	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1984	T = 0K; LBLHLM
C₂H₂⁺	13.55	H₂	PI	Wood and Taylor, 1979	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.13 ± 0.04	H₂	EI	Gordon, Harvey, et al., 1977	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.0 ± 0.1	H₂	EI	Gordon, Harvey, et al., 1977	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.14 ± 0.01	H₂	TE	Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975, 2	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.1	H₂	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.11 ± 0.02	H₂	EI	Gordon, Krige, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂H₂⁺	13.13 ± 0.02	H₂	PI	Chupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1969	RDSH
C₂H₂⁺	12.96 ± 0.02	H₂	PI	Brehm, 1966	RDSH
C₂H₂⁺	13.12 ± 0.03	H₂	PI	Botter, Dibeler, et al., 1966	RDSH
C₂H₂⁺	13.4 ± 0.2	H₂	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
C₂H₃⁺	12.35 ± 0.10	H^-	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
C₂H₃⁺	13.10 ± 0.08	H	EI	Plessis and Marmet, 1986	LBLHLM
C₂H₃⁺	13.3 ± 0.1	H	PIPECO	Bombach, Dannacher, et al., 1984	T = 0K; LBLHLM
C₂H₃⁺	13.55	H	PI	Wood and Taylor, 1979	LLK
C₂H₃⁺	13.22 ± 0.02	H	TE	Stockbauer and Inghram, 1975, 2	LLK
C₂H₃⁺	13.6	H	EI	Maeda, Suzuki, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂H₃⁺	13.31 ± 0.03	H	EI	Gordon, Krige, et al., 1974	LLK
C₂H₃⁺	13.52 ± 0.04	H	EI	Finney and Harrison, 1972	LLK
C₂H₃⁺	13.25 ± 0.05	H	PI	Chupka, Berkowitz, et al., 1969	RDSH
C₂H₃⁺	13.37 ± 0.03	H	PI	Brehm, 1966	RDSH
C₂H₃⁺	14.1 ± 0.1	H	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
H⁺	18.66 ± 0.05	C₂H₃	C2H3	Shiromaru, Achiba, et al., 1987	LBLHLM
H⁺	26.2 ± 1.5	C₂H₃	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH
H₂⁺	22.4 ± 1.5	?	EI	Kusch, Hustrulid, et al., 1937	RDSH

De-protonation reactions

C₂H₃^- + = Ethylene

By formula: C₂H₃^- + H⁺ = C₂H₄

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	407. ± 2.	kcal/mol	AVG	N/A	Average of 5 out of 6 values; Individual data points
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rG°	401.00 ± 0.50	kcal/mol	IMRE	Ervin, Gronert, et al., 1990	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	399.1 ± 2.1	kcal/mol	H-TS	DePuy, Gronert, et al., 1989	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	398.6 ± 4.9	kcal/mol	H-TS	Peerboom, Rademaker, et al., 1992	gas phase; B
Δ_rG°	>397.00	kcal/mol	IMRB	Froelicher, Freiser, et al., 1986	gas phase; B

Ion clustering data

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
RCD - Robert C. Dunbar
B - John E. Bartmess

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Ag⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Ag⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	33.7	kcal/mol	HPMS	Guo and Castleman, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	22.1	cal/mol*K	N/A	Guo and Castleman, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
17.1	750.	HPMS	Guo and Castleman, 1991	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Ag⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Ag⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	32.4	kcal/mol	HPMS	Guo and Castleman, 1991	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	30.2	cal/mol*K	HPMS	Guo and Castleman, 1991	gas phase; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Al⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Al⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	13.0 ± 2.0	kcal/mol	CIDC,EqG	Stockigt, Schwarz, et al., 1996	Anchored to theory; RCD

C₂H₄⁺ + Ethylene = (C₂H₄⁺ • )

By formula: C₂H₄⁺ + C₂H₄ = (C₂H₄⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	15.8	kcal/mol	PI	Ono, Linn, et al., 1984	gas phase; M
Δ_rH°	18.2	kcal/mol	PI	Ceyer, Tiedemann, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

(C₂H₄⁺ • Ethylene ) + = (C₂H₄⁺ • 2)

By formula: (C₂H₄⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (C₂H₄⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	4.2	kcal/mol	PI	Ceyer, Tiedemann, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

C₃H₅⁺ + Ethylene = (C₃H₅⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₅⁺ + C₂H₄ = (C₃H₅⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	16.7	kcal/mol	PI	Ceyer, Tiedemann, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

C₃H₉Si⁺ + Ethylene = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • )

By formula: C₃H₉Si⁺ + C₂H₄ = (C₃H₉Si⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	23.6	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Li and Stone, 1989	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	38.5	cal/mol*K	PHPMS	Li and Stone, 1989	gas phase; M

C₄H₇⁺ + Ethylene = (C₄H₇⁺ • )

By formula: C₄H₇⁺ + C₂H₄ = (C₄H₇⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	8.7	kcal/mol	PI	Ceyer, Tiedemann, et al., 1979	gas phase; M

C₆HCrO₆⁺ + Ethylene = (C₆HCrO₆⁺ • )

By formula: C₆HCrO₆⁺ + C₂H₄ = (C₆HCrO₆⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	14.3 ± 1.2	kcal/mol	ICRCD	Hop and McMahon, 1991	gas phase; Ar collision gas; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Co⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Co⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	44.5 ± 2.2	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
42.8 (+1.7,-0.)		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M
6.5 (+3.0,-0.)		CID	Haynes and Armentrout, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Co⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Co⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36.3 ± 3.3	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Cr⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Cr⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	22.9 ± 2.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
29.9 (+4.5,-0.)		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cr⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Cr⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	25.8 ± 2.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Cu⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Cu⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	42.1 ± 3.3	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
22.7 (+2.6,-0.)		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Cu⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Cu⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	41.6 ± 3.1	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: F^- + C₂H₄ = (F^- • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	6.0 ± 3.0	kcal/mol	IMRB	Sullivan and Beauchamp, 1976	gas phase; Structure: Roy and McMahon, 1985; B

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Fe⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Fe⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	34.7 ± 2.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
34.6 (+1.4,-0.)		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Fe⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Fe⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	36.1 ± 3.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: H₄N⁺ + C₂H₄ = (H₄N⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.	kcal/mol	PHPMS	Deakyne and Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1985	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rS°	20.	cal/mol*K	N/A	Deakyne and Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1985	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

Free energy of reaction

Δ_rG° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
3.7	294.	PHPMS	Deakyne and Meot-Ner (Mautner), 1985	gas phase; Entropy change calculated or estimated; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: La⁺ + C₂H₄ = (La⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	52. ± 3.	kcal/mol	PDiss	Ranashinge and Freiser, 1992	gas phase; M

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
21.5		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Mn⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Mn⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21.7 ± 2.9	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Mn⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Mn⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	21.0 ± 3.3	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Na⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Na⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	10.3 ± 1.1	kcal/mol	CIDT	Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Ni⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Ni⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	43.5 ± 2.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
32.9 (+4.5,-0.)		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (Ni⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (Ni⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	41.3 ± 3.3	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Rh⁺ + Ethylene = (Rh⁺ • )

By formula: Rh⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Rh⁺ • C₂H₄)

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
38.5 (+0.7,-0.)		CID	Chen and Armetrout, 1995	gas phase; guided ion beam CID; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Sc⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Sc⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	52. ± 3.	kcal/mol	PDiss	Ranashinge and Freiser, 1992	gas phase; M

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
31.3		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH >=, guided ion beam CID; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Ti⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Ti⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	34.9 ± 2.6	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
28.4		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: V⁺ + C₂H₄ = (V⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	29.9 ± 1.9	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
28.0		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

( • Ethylene ) + = ( • 2)

By formula: (V⁺ • C₂H₄) + C₂H₄ = (V⁺ • 2C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	30.4 ± 3.3	kcal/mol	CIDT	Sievers, Jarvis, et al., 1998	RCD

+ Ethylene = ( • )

By formula: Y⁺ + C₂H₄ = (Y⁺ • C₂H₄)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
Δ_rH°	52. ± 3.	kcal/mol	PDiss	Ranashinge and Freiser, 1992	gas phase; M

Enthalpy of reaction

Δ_rH° (kcal/mol)	T (K)	Method	Reference	Comment
26.1		CID	Armentrout and Kickel, 1994	gas phase; Δ_rH>=, guided ion beam CID; M

IR Spectrum

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Coblentz Society, Inc.

GAS (150 mmHg DILUTED TO A TOTAL PRESSURE OF 600 mmHg WITH N2); DOW KBr FOREPRISM; DIGITIZED BY NIST FROM HARD COPY (FROM TWO SEGMENTS); 4 cm^-1 resolution

Data compiled by: Pamela M. Chu, Franklin R. Guenther, George C. Rhoderick, and Walter J. Lafferty

gas; IFS66V (Bruker); 3-Term B-H Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Boxcar Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Happ Genzel Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
gas; IFS66V (Bruker); NB Strong Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution
gas; IFS66V (Bruker); Triangular Apodization
0.1250, 0.2410, 0.4820, 0.9640, 1.9290 cm^-1 resolution

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Gas Chromatography, References, Notes

Data compiled by: Takehiko Shimanouchi

Symmetry: D_2h Symmetry Number σ = 4

Sym.	No	Approximate	Selected Freq.		Infrared		Raman		Comments

Species		type of mode	Value	Rating	Value	Phase	Value	Phase

ag	1	CH2 s-str	3026	B	ia		3026.4 p	gas
ag	2	CC str	1623	D	ia		1622.6 p	gas	FR(2ν₁₀)
ag	3	CH2 scis	1342	B	ia		1342.2 p	gas
au	4	CH2 twist	1023	E	ia		ia		OC(ν₄+ν₆)
b₁g	5	CH2 a-str	3103	B	ia		3102.5 dp	gas
b₁g	6	CH2 rock	1236	C	ia		1236 dp	liq.
b₁u	7	CH2 wag	949	A	949.3 M	gas	ia
b₂g	8	CH2 wag	943	C	ia		943 dp	liq.
b₂u	9	CH2 a-str	3106	B	3105.5 S	gas	ia
b₂u	10	CH2 rock	826	A	826.0 W	gas	ia
b₃u	11	CH2 s-str	2989	A	2988.66 S	gas	ia
b₃u	12	CH2 scis	1444	B	1443.5 S	gas	ia

Source: Shimanouchi, 1972

Notes

Strong

Medium

Weak

Inactive

Polarized

Depolarized

Fermi resonance with an overtone or a combination tone indicated in the parentheses.

Frequency estimated from an overtone or a combination tone indicated in the parentheses.

0~1 cm^-1 uncertainty

1~3 cm^-1 uncertainty

3~6 cm^-1 uncertainty

6~15 cm^-1 uncertainty

15~30 cm^-1 uncertainty

Gas Chromatography

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	Temperature (C)	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	OV-1	20.	166.	Nijs and Jacobs, 1981	He; Column length: 150. m; Column diameter: 0.50 mm
Capillary	Squalane	40.	175.	Matukuma, 1969	N2; Column length: 91.4 m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	27.	177.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	49.	177.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	67.	178.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm
Packed	Squalane	86.	178.	Hively and Hinton, 1968	He, Chromosorb P; Column length: 15. m; Column diameter: 0.25 mm

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH-100	178.1	Haagen-Smit Laboratory, 1997	He; Column length: 100. m; Column diameter: 0.2 mm; Program: 5C(10min) => 5C/min => 50C(48min) => 1.5C/min => 195C(91min)
Capillary	DB-1	164.	Hoekman, 1993	60. m/0.32 mm/1.0 μm, He; Program: -40 C for 12 min; -40 - 125 C at 3 deg.min; 125-185 C at 6 deg/min; 185 - 220 C at 20 deg/min; hold 220 C for 2 min

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Chromosorb 101	183.	Voorhees, Hileman, et al., 1975	10. K/min; T_start: 0. C; T_end: 220. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Petrocol DH	158.	Supelco, 2012	100. m/0.25 mm/0.50 μm, Helium, 20. C @ 15. min, 15. K/min, 220. C @ 30. min
Capillary	OV-101	166.	Zenkevich, 2005	25. m/0.20 mm/0.10 μm, N2/He, 6. K/min; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 250. C
Capillary	OV-101	165.	Chupalov and Zenkevich, 1996	N2, 3. K/min; Column length: 52. m; Column diameter: 0.26 mm; T_start: 50. C; T_end: 220. C

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

View large format table.

Column type	Active phase	I	Reference	Comment
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	178.	Chen and Feng, 2007	Program: not specified
Capillary	Porapack Q	180.	Zenkevich and Rodin, 2004	Program: not specified
Capillary	Methyl Silicone	166.	Zenkevich, 2000	Program: not specified
Capillary	SPB-1	165.	Flanagan, Streete, et al., 1997	60. m/0.53 mm/5. μm, He; Program: 40C(6min) => 5C/min => 80C => 10C/min => 200C
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxanes	165.	Zenkevich, 1997	Program: not specified
Capillary	Polydimethyl siloxanes	165.	Zenkevich, Chupalov, et al., 1996	Program: not specified
Capillary	SPB-1	165.	Strete, Ruprah, et al., 1992	60. m/0.53 mm/5.0 μm, Helium; Program: 40 0C (6 min) 5 0C/min -> 80 0C 10 0C/min -> 200 0C
Packed	SE-30	188.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Chromosorb W; Column length: 6.1 m; Program: 50C910min) => 20C/min => 90(6min) => 10C/min => 150C(hold)
Packed	Squalane	180.	Robinson and Odell, 1971	N2, Embacel; Column length: 3.0 m; Program: 25C(5min) => 2C/min => 35 => 4C/min => 95C(hold)

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, IR Spectrum, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Gas Chromatography, Notes

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Notes

Symbols used in this document:

AE	Appearance energy
C_p,gas	Constant pressure heat capacity of gas
IE (evaluated)	Recommended ionization energy
P_c	Critical pressure
P_triple	Triple point pressure
S°_{gas,1 bar}	Entropy of gas at standard conditions (1 bar)
T	Temperature
T_boil	Boiling point
T_c	Critical temperature
T_fus	Fusion (melting) point
T_triple	Triple point temperature
V_c	Critical volume
Δ_cH°_gas	Enthalpy of combustion of gas at standard conditions
Δ_fH_{(+) ion,0K}	Enthalpy of formation of positive ion at 0K
Δ_fH°_gas	Enthalpy of formation of gas at standard conditions
Δ_fusH	Enthalpy of fusion
Δ_fusS	Entropy of fusion
Δ_rG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_rS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions
Δ_subH	Enthalpy of sublimation
Δ_vapH	Enthalpy of vaporization
Δ_vapS	Entropy of vaporization
ρ_c	Critical density

Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
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Ethylene

Data at NIST subscription sites:

Gas phase thermochemistry data

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Constant pressure heat capacity of gas

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Phase change data

Enthalpy of vaporization

Entropy of vaporization

Antoine Equation Parameters

Enthalpy of sublimation

Enthalpy of fusion

Entropy of fusion

Gas phase ion energetics data

Ionization energy determinations

Appearance energy determinations

De-protonation reactions

Ion clustering data

Clustering reactions

Free energy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Free energy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of reaction

IR Spectrum

Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels

Symmetry: D2h Symmetry Number σ = 4

Notes

Gas Chromatography

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, isothermal

Kovats' RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

Van Den Dool and Kratz RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, custom temperature program

References

Notes

Symmetry: D_2h Symmetry Number σ = 4