potassium chloride

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Gas phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔfH°gas-51.310kcal/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
S°gas,1 bar57.144cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966

Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 2000. - 6000.
A 8.932300
B 0.189377
C -0.002318
D 0.000198
E -0.023795
F -54.06140
G 67.76231
H -51.31011
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in March, 1966

Condensed phase thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔfH°liquid-100.81kcal/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
S°liquid,1 bar20.71cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔfH°solid-104.37kcal/molReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
S°solid19.73cal/mol*KReviewChase, 1998Data last reviewed in March, 1966

Liquid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 1044. - 2000.
A 17.59010
B 0.000000
C 0.000000
D 0.000000
E 0.000000
F -106.0550
G 41.99830
H -100.8110
ReferenceChase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in March, 1966

Solid Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)

Cp° = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H° − H°298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S° = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
    Cp = heat capacity (cal/mol*K)
    H° = standard enthalpy (kcal/mol)
    S° = standard entropy (cal/mol*K)
    t = temperature (K) / 1000.

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Temperature (K) 298. - 900.900. - 1044.
A 8.464620-171.4590
B 16.73870298.2459
C -21.84090-169.3390
D 12.5536033.80581
E 0.03667824.77801
F -107.34600.420670
G 26.05120-176.4180
H -104.3700-104.3700
ReferenceChase, 1998Chase, 1998
Comment Data last reviewed in March, 1966 Data last reviewed in March, 1966

Phase change data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Antoine Equation Parameters

log10(P) = A − (B / (T + C))
    P = vapor pressure (atm)
    T = temperature (K)

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Temperature (K) A B C Reference Comment
1170. - 1466.4.610976910.833-176.083Barchuk and Dubovoi, 1973Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.
1094. - 1680.4.776657440.691-122.709Stull, 1947Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data.

Reaction thermochemistry data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias
ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

Potassium ion (1+) + potassium chloride = (Potassium ion (1+) • potassium chloride)

By formula: K+ + ClK = (K+ • ClK)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°41.2kcal/molMSChupka, 1959gas phase; Knudsen cell; M
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrS°19.6cal/mol*KMSChupka, 1959gas phase; Knudsen cell; M

3Pyridine, 1-oxide + potassium chloride = 3Pyridine + KClO3

By formula: 3C5H5NO + ClK = 3C5H5N + KClO3

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°75.2 ± 2.4kcal/molCmShaofeng and Pilcher, 1988solid phase; ALS

Gas phase ion energetics data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments:
LLK - Sharon G. Lias, Rhoda D. Levin, and Sherif A. Kafafi
RDSH - Henry M. Rosenstock, Keith Draxl, Bruce W. Steiner, and John T. Herron
B - John E. Bartmess

Electron affinity determinations

EA (eV) Method Reference Comment
0.582 ± 0.010LPESMiller, Leopold, et al., 1986B
0.629995NBAEDe Vreugd, Wijnaendts van Resandt, et al., 1979B
>1.27001EIAEEbinghaus, 1964From (KCl)2; B

Ionization energy determinations

IE (eV) Method Reference Comment
10.5EIItoh, Sasamoto, et al., 1981LLK
8.3EIBloom and Williams, 1981LLK
8.4 ± 0.1PEPotts and Price, 1977LLK
8.4 ± 0.1PEPotts, Williams, et al., 1974LLK
10.1EIGrimley and Joyce, 1969RDSH
8.0 ± 0.3EIBloom, Hastie, et al., 1968RDSH
8.7PEGoodman, Allen, et al., 1974Vertical value; LLK

Appearance energy determinations

Ion AE (eV) Other Products MethodReferenceComment
K+11.0ClEIItoh, Sasamoto, et al., 1981LLK
K+25.22 ± 0.04Cl(-)PEPotts and Price, 1977LLK
K+10.6ClEIGrimley and Joyce, 1969RDSH
K+9.1 ± 0.3ClEIBloom, Hastie, et al., 1968RDSH
K+24.98 ± 0.04Cl(-)PEPotts and Price, 1977Vertical value; LLK

Ion clustering data

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. Searches may be limited to ion clustering reactions. A general reaction search form is also available.

Clustering reactions

Potassium ion (1+) + potassium chloride = (Potassium ion (1+) • potassium chloride)

By formula: K+ + ClK = (K+ • ClK)

Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrH°41.2kcal/molMSChupka, 1959gas phase; Knudsen cell
Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment
ΔrS°19.6cal/mol*KMSChupka, 1959gas phase; Knudsen cell

Constants of diatomic molecules

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Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled by: Klaus P. Huber and Gerhard H. Herzberg

Data collected through January, 1977

Symbols used in the table of constants
SymbolMeaning
State electronic state and / or symmetry symbol
Te minimum electronic energy (cm-1)
ωe vibrational constant – first term (cm-1)
ωexe vibrational constant – second term (cm-1)
ωeye vibrational constant – third term (cm-1)
Be rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm-1)
αe rotational constant – first term (cm-1)
γe rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm-1)
De centrifugal distortion constant (cm-1)
βe rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm-1)
re internuclear distance (Å)
Trans. observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state
ν00 position of 0-0 band (units noted in table)
Diatomic constants for 39K35Cl
StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00
Several peaks in the elctron energy loss spectrum above 19 eV Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 may be associated with excitation of an electron from the metal 3p shell of K+ Cl-.
Continuous absorption above 36000 cm-1, maxima at 40100, 41100 cm-1. 1
↳Muller, 1927; Levi, 1934; Davidovits and Brodhead, 1967
ADiffuse fluctuation bands in absorption from 30000 to 36000 cm-1. 2 The chemiluminescence spectrum consists of a long lower-state vibrational progression extending from 17000 to 24000 cm-1 in a beam-gas arrangement Oldenborg, Gole, et al., 1974 and from 20000 to 36000 in flames Beutler and Josephy, 1929, Levi, 1934, Kaufmann, Kinsey, et al., 1974. 2
↳Beutler and Josephy, 1929; Levi, 1934; Oldenborg, Gole, et al., 1974; Kaufmann, Kinsey, et al., 1974
X 1Σ+ 0 281 3 (1.30)  0.12863476 0.0007899 1.63E-6 1.0874 -8.3E-11 2.66665 4  
↳Rice and Klemperer, 1957
Rotation sp.
↳Lee, Fabricand, et al., 1953; Tate and Strandberg, 1954; Clouser and Gordy, 1964
Mol. beam rf. el. reson. 5
↳missing citation; Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968

Notes

1UV absorption cross sections Davidovits and Brodhead, 1967. In the electron energy loss spectrum Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968, there are peaks at 42000, 53000, and 68000 cm-1.
2See CsBr note d. From the emission data Kaufmann, Kinsey, et al., 1974, have derived a tentative potential energy curve for the upper state (see KBr note d); D'e ~450 cm-1.
3From the IR spectrum. The Dunham theory applied to the microwave results gives ωe = 279.80, ωexe = 1.167.
4Rot.-vibr. sp. 8
5μel[D] = 10.2391 + 0.05966(v+1/2) + 0.00019(v+1/2)2 missing citation, Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968; nuclear electric quadrupole and spin-rotation coupling constants missing citation.
6Thermochemical value Brewer and Brackett, 1961, Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961; the analysis of the fluctuation bands gave D00 = 4.39 eV Levi, 1934 (and ω" = 280 Levi, 1934) according to Levi, 1934, or D00 ≤ 4.66 eV Barrow and Caunt, 1953 (and ω" = 305 Barrow and Caunt, 1953) according to Barrow and Caunt, 1953.
7Adiabatic potential from the photoelectron spectrum of Potts, Williams, et al., 1974, not corrected for thermal population of ground state vibrational levels; the band maximum (vertical potential) is at 8.92 eV.
8IR study of matrix isolated KCl Ismail, Hauge, et al., 1975.
9From D00(KCl) + I.P.(K) - I.P.(KCl) Potts, Williams, et al., 1974, give 0.19 eV.
10From the maxima in the photoelectron spectrum Potts, Williams, et al., 1974, missing citation. The two peaks corresponding to the 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 compoments of normal Cl are not resolved.

References

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Chase, 1998
Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]

Barchuk and Dubovoi, 1973
Barchuk, V.T.; Dubovoi, P.G., Measurement of a Saturated Vapor Pressure Over Highly Volitile Salt Melts, Ukr. Khim. Zh. (Russ. Ed.), 1973, 39, 8, 838-840. [all data]

Stull, 1947
Stull, Daniel R., Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 . [all data]

Chupka, 1959
Chupka, W.A., Dissociation Energies of Some Gaseous Halide Complex Ions and the Hydrated Ion K(H2O)+, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 40, 2, 458, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1729974 . [all data]

Shaofeng and Pilcher, 1988
Shaofeng, L.; Pilcher, G., Enthalpy of formation of pyridine-N-oxide: the dissociation enthalpy of the (N-O) bond, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 1988, 20, 463-465. [all data]

Miller, Leopold, et al., 1986
Miller, T.M.; Leopold, D.G.; Murray, K.K.; Lineberger, W.C., Electron Affinities of the Alkali Halides and the Structure of their Negative Ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1986, 85, 5, 2368, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.451091 . [all data]

De Vreugd, Wijnaendts van Resandt, et al., 1979
De Vreugd, C.; Wijnaendts van Resandt, R.W.; Los, J.; Smith, B., Differential Cross Sections for Collisions of Negative Halogen Ions and Alkali Atoms, Chem. Phys., 1979, 42, 3, 305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(79)80078-6 . [all data]

Ebinghaus, 1964
Ebinghaus, H.Z., Negative Ionen aus Alkalihalogeniden und Electronenaffinitaten der Alkalimetalle und Alkalihalogenide, Z. Naturfor., 1964, 19A, 727. [all data]

Itoh, Sasamoto, et al., 1981
Itoh, M.; Sasamoto, T.; Sata, T., Mass-spectrometric measurement of activities in both solid and liquid solutions of the KCl-NaCl system, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1981, 54, 3391. [all data]

Bloom and Williams, 1981
Bloom, H.; Williams, D.J., A mass spectrometric study of the vapors above the molten salt systems LiCl-CuCl, LiBr-CuBr, and NaI-CuI, J. Chem. Phys., 1981, 75, 4636. [all data]

Potts and Price, 1977
Potts, A.W.; Price, W.C., Photoelectron studies of ionic materials using molecular beam techniques, Phys. Scr., 1977, 16, 191. [all data]

Potts, Williams, et al., 1974
Potts, A.W.; Williams, T.A.; Price, W.C., Photoelectron spectra and electronic structure of diatomic alkali halides, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 1974, 341, 147. [all data]

Grimley and Joyce, 1969
Grimley, R.T.; Joyce, T.E., A technique for the calibration of high-temperature mass spectrometers, J. Phys. Chem., 1969, 73, 3047. [all data]

Bloom, Hastie, et al., 1968
Bloom, H.; Hastie, J.W.; Morrison, J.D., Ionization and dissociation of the alkali halides by electron impact, J. Phys. Chem., 1968, 72, 3041. [all data]

Goodman, Allen, et al., 1974
Goodman, T.D.; Allen, J.D., Jr.; Cusachs, L.C.; Schweitzer, G.K., The photoelectron spectra of gaseous alkali halides, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1974, 3, 289. [all data]

Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968
Geiger, J.; Pfeiffer, H.-C., Untersuchung der Anregung innerer Elektronen von Alkalihalogenidmolekulen im Energieverlustspektrum von 25 keV-Elektronen, Z. Phys., 1968, 208, 105. [all data]

Muller, 1927
Muller, L.A., 4. absorptionsspektren der alkalihalogenide in wasseriger losung und im dampf, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 1927, 82, 39. [all data]

Levi, 1934
Levi, Dissertation, Berlin, 1934, 0. [all data]

Davidovits and Brodhead, 1967
Davidovits, P.; Brodhead, D.C., Ultraviolet absorption cross sections for the alkali halide vapors, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 2968. [all data]

Oldenborg, Gole, et al., 1974
Oldenborg, R.C.; Gole, J.L.; Zare, R.N., Chemiluminescent spectra of alkali-halogen reactions, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 4032. [all data]

Beutler and Josephy, 1929
Beutler, H.; Josephy, B., Resonanz bei Stoben in der fluoreszenz und chemilumineszenz, Z. Phys., 1929, 53, 747. [all data]

Kaufmann, Kinsey, et al., 1974
Kaufmann, K.J.; Kinsey, J.L.; Palmer, H.B.; Tewarson, A., Chemiluminescent emission spectra and possible upper-state potentials of KCl and KBr, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 1865. [all data]

Rice and Klemperer, 1957
Rice, S.A.; Klemperer, W., Spectra of the alkali halides. II. The infrared spectra of the sodium and potassium halides, RbCl, and CsCl, J. Chem. Phys., 1957, 27, 573. [all data]

Lee, Fabricand, et al., 1953
Lee, C.A.; Fabricand, B.P.; Carlson, R.O.; Rabi, I.I., Molecular beam investigation of rotational transitions. I. The rotational levels of KCl and their hyperfine structure, Phys. Rev., 1953, 91, 1395. [all data]

Tate and Strandberg, 1954
Tate, P.A.; Strandberg, M.W.P., Stark effect in the microwave spectra of KCl and NaCl, J. Chem. Phys., 1954, 22, 1380. [all data]

Clouser and Gordy, 1964
Clouser, P.L.; Gordy, W., Millimeter-wave molecular-beam spectroscopy: alkali chlorides, Phys. Rev., 1964, 134, 863. [all data]

Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968
Hebert, A.J.; Lovas, F.J.; Melendres, C.A.; Hollowell, C.D.; Story, T.L., Jr.; Street, K., Jr., Dipole moments of some alkali halide molecules by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 2824. [all data]

Brewer and Brackett, 1961
Brewer, L.; Brackett, E., The dissociation energies of gaseous alkali halides, Chem. Rev., 1961, 61, 425. [all data]

Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961
Bulewicz, E.M.; Phillips, L.F.; Sugden, T.M., Determination of dissociation constants and heats of formation of simple molecules by flame photometry. Part 8. Stabilities of the gaseous diatomic halides of certain metals, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1961, 57, 921. [all data]

Barrow and Caunt, 1953
Barrow, R.F.; Caunt, A.D., The ultra-violet absorption spectra of some gaseous alkali-metal halides and the dissociation energy of fluorine, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 1953, 219, 120. [all data]

Ismail, Hauge, et al., 1975
Ismail, Z.K.; Hauge, R.H.; Margrave, J.L., Infrared studies of matrix isolated sodium and potassium chloride and cyanide dimers, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 1975, 54, 402. [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Gas phase thermochemistry data, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Reaction thermochemistry data, Gas phase ion energetics data, Ion clustering data, Constants of diatomic molecules, References