Undecanal

Formula: C₁₁H₂₂O
Molecular weight: 170.2918
IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C11H22O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12/h11H,2-10H2,1H3
IUPAC Standard InChIKey: KMPQYAYAQWNLME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Number: 112-44-7
Chemical structure:
This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file
The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript.
Other names: n-Undecanal; n-Undecyl aldehyde; Hendecanal; Hendecanaldehyde; Undecyl aldehyde; Undecylic aldehyde; 1-Undecanal; Aldehyde C-11; Aldehyde C-11, undecylic; C-11 Aldehyde, undecylic; Undecanaldehyde; NSC 22578
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Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compiled by: NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center, William E. Wallace, director

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Optima-5	HP-5	HP-5 MS	Elite-5 MS	RTX-1
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	60.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.22
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	60.	40.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	246.	240.	260.	220.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	3.	4.	4.	2.
Initial hold (min)	1.	2.
Final hold (min)			5.		30.
I	1307.	1305.	1309.	1308.	1290.
Reference	Al-Qudah, Muhaidat, et al., 2012	Kahriman, Tosun, et al., 2011	Miyazawa, Marumoto, et al., 2011	Baharum, Bunawan, et al., 2010	Dib, Djabou, et al., 2010
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	HP-5	HP-5 MS	HP-5 MS	HP-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	Helium	Helium	Hydrogen
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	40.	60.	70.	70.
T_end (C)	240.	260.	220.	290.	290.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	4.	5.	5.	5.
Initial hold (min)	2.		10.
Final hold (min)		5.		10.
I	1309.	1310.	1307.	1309.	1309.
Reference	Kahriman, Tosun, et al., 2010	Miyazawa, Kawauchi, et al., 2010	Ogunwande, Flamini, et al., 2010	Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010	Radulovic, Dordevic, et al., 2010
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	SLB-5 MS	RTX-5 MS	RTX-1	OV-1	HP-5MS
Column length (m)	10.	30.	60.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	Helium	He	Helium	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.10	0.25	0.22	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.10	0.50	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	50.	35.	60.	65.	60.
T_end (C)	250.	225.	230.	260.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	10.	6.	2.	6.	2.
Initial hold (min)		5.			8.
Final hold (min)		10.	35.		15.
I	1307.	1303.	1283.	1354.	1318.
Reference	Scandinaro, Tranchida, et al., 2010	Watcharananun, Cadwallader, et al., 2009	Paolini, Tomi, et al., 2008	Wang, Yi, et al., 2008	Ferhat, Meklati, et al., 2007
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5MS	DB-1	DB-1	DB-5	PE-5
Column length (m)	30.	60.	60.	30.	50.
Carrier gas	He			He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	60.	70.	70.	50.	100.
T_end (C)	250.	230.	230.	250.	280.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	2.	2.	4.	3.
Initial hold (min)	8.	2.	2.		1.
Final hold (min)	15.	20.	20.
I	1306.	1285.	1284.	1310.	1305.
Reference	Ferhat, Tigrine-Kordjani, et al., 2007	Lan Phi N.T., Nishiyama C., et al., 2006	Lan Phi N.T., Nishiyama C., et al., 2006	Najafpour Navaei, Mirza, et al., 2006	Pandey-Rai S., Mallavarapu G.R., et al., 2006
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	SPB-5	DB-5	DB-5	HP-5	HP-1
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	25.	50.
Carrier gas	Helium	Hydrogen	He	N2	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.2	0.2
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.33	0.5
T_start (C)	60.	70.	40.	30.	60.
T_end (C)	250.	280.	260.	280.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	4.	2.	3.	2.
Initial hold (min)	2.	4.	5.
Final hold (min)	20.		20.		60.
I	1305.	1305.	1307.	1308.	1274.
Reference	Pino, Marquez, et al., 2006	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2006	Senatore, Landolfi, et al., 2006	Shafi, Jose, et al., 2006	Bendimerad and Bendiab, 2005
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	CP Sil 5 CB	CP Sil 5 CB	DB-1	DB-1	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	60.	60.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	40.	50.	70.	35.
T_end (C)	220.	220.	265.	230.	280.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	4.	2.5	2.	5.
Initial hold (min)	1.	1.	1.	2.	2.
Final hold (min)			20.	20.	4.
I	1296.	1296.	1282.	1293.	1305.
Reference	Rohloff and Bones, 2005	Rohloff and Bones, 2005	Sarkhail, Amin, et al., 2005	Choi, 2003	Dhanda, Pegg, et al., 2003
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	HP-5	DB-5	SPB-5	DB-5	DB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	60.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	Helium	H2	Helium		He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.25	0.32	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)		0.25	1.0	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	70.	60.	30.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	210.	280.	230.	260.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	4.	3.	2.	3.
Initial hold (min)		10.		5.
Final hold (min)	60.	40.
I	1308.	1306.	1309.	1313.	1309.
Reference	Mookdasanit, Tamura, et al., 2003	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2003	Sebastian, Viallon-Fernandez, et al., 2003	Senatore and Bruno, 2003	Flamini, Ertugrul, et al., 2002
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	DB-1	RSL-200	DB-5	DB-5	SPB-5
Column length (m)	30.	30.	30.	30.	30.
Carrier gas	H2	H2	He	He	Helium
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
T_start (C)	40.	40.	60.	40.	60.
T_end (C)	245.	280.	250.	290.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	6.	3.	7.	4.
Initial hold (min)	20.	2.			2.
Final hold (min)		10.			20.
I	1281.	1291.	1301.	1313.	1304.
Reference	Gancel, Ollé, et al., 2002	Jirovetz, Smith, et al., 2002	Limberger, Simões-Pires, et al., 2002	Lin, Rouseff, et al., 2002	Pino, Marbot, et al., 2002
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	RTX-5	SPB-5	OV-101	OV-101	DB-5
Column length (m)	20.	60.	50.	50.	30.
Carrier gas	He	He	N2	N2	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.18	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.22
Phase thickness (μm)	0.4	1.			0.25
T_start (C)	20.	40.	80.	80.	70.
T_end (C)	290.	200.	200.	200.	230.
Heat rate (K/min)	40.	3.	2.	2.	4.
Initial hold (min)	3.5				2.
Final hold (min)	0.5				20.
I	1307.	1308.	1287.	1287.	1306.
Reference	Sies A., Hirsch R., et al., 2002	Poligné, Collignan, et al., 2001	Yang, 2001	Yang, 2001, 2	Mitiku, Sawamura, et al., 2000
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	CBP-1	HP-5	HP-1	Ultra-2	Cross-Linked Methylsilicone
Column length (m)	30.	25.	30.	50.	25.
Carrier gas	He	He	He	He	He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.2	0.25	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)		0.33	0.1	0.52
T_start (C)	60.	70.	50.	40.	35.
T_end (C)	240.	290.	300.	250.	225.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	3.	5.	4.	4.
Initial hold (min)		8.	2.	3.	3.
Final hold (min)		20.	3.	30.
I	1286.	1306.	1290.	1311.	1286.
Reference	Lamarque, Maestri, et al., 1998	Poiana, Sicari, et al., 1998	Boatright and Crum, 1997	King, Matthews, et al., 1995	Bravo and Hotchkiss, 1993
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Ultra-2	DB-5	OV-101	OV-101	DB-5
Column length (m)	50.	30.	50.	50.	60.
Carrier gas	He	H2			He
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)	0.52	1.			1.0
T_start (C)	40.	40.	80.	80.	40.
T_end (C)	250.	220.	200.	200.	240.
Heat rate (K/min)	4.	3.	2.	2.	3.
Initial hold (min)	3.
Final hold (min)	30.
I	1306.	1310.	1287.	1287.	1296.
Reference	King, Hamilton, et al., 1993	Moio, Dekimpe, et al., 1993	Tamura, Yang, et al., 1993	Tamura, Yang, et al., 1993	Berdague, Denoyer, et al., 1991
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	Ultra-1	OV-101	OV-101	OV-101	OV-101
Column length (m)	25.	50.	50.	50.	50.
Carrier gas	He		N2	N2	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.32	0.28	0.25	0.25	0.25
Phase thickness (μm)	0.25
T_start (C)	80.	80.	80.	80.	80.
T_end (C)	260.	200.	200.	200.	200.
Heat rate (K/min)	3.	2.	2.	2.	2.
Initial hold (min)
Final hold (min)
I	1285.	1290.	1287.	1287.	1288.
Reference	Okumura, 1991	Anker, Jurs, et al., 1990	Yang and Sugisawa, 1990	Yang and Sugisawa, 1990	Sugisawa, Yamamoto, et al., 1989
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

Column type	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary	Capillary
Active phase	OV-101	OV-101	SE-54	DB-1	DB-1
Column length (m)	50.	50.	25.	50.	50.
Carrier gas	N2	N2	N2
Substrate
Column diameter (mm)	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.32	0.32
Phase thickness (μm)
T_start (C)	80.	80.	60.	0.	50.
T_end (C)	200.	200.	260.	250.	250.
Heat rate (K/min)	2.	2.	6.	3.	3.
Initial hold (min)			2.
Final hold (min)
I	1283.	1287.	1308.	1285.	1294.
Reference	Sugisawa, Yang, et al., 1989	Sugisawa, Yang, et al., 1989	Bestmann, Classen, et al., 1988	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985	Habu, Flath, et al., 1985
Comment	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI	MSDC-RI

References

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, Notes

Al-Qudah, Muhaidat, et al., 2012
Al-Qudah, M.A.; Muhaidat, R.; Trawenh, I.N.; Jaber, H.I.; Abu Zarga, M.H.; Abu Orabi, S.T., Volatile constituents of leaves and bulbs of Gynandriris Sisyrinchicum and their antimicrobial activities, Jordan J. Chem., 2012, 7, 3, 287-295. [all data]

Kahriman, Tosun, et al., 2011
Kahriman, N.; Tosun, G.; Terzioglu, S.; Karaoglu, S.A.; Yayh, N., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from the flower, leaf, and stem of Senecio pandurifolis, Rec. Nat. Prod., 2011, 5, 2, 82-91. [all data]

Miyazawa, Marumoto, et al., 2011
Miyazawa, M.; Marumoto, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshida, S.; Utsumi, Y., Determination of characteristic components in essential oils from Wisteria braphybotrys using gas chromatography - olfactometry incremental dilution technique, Rec. Nat. Prod., 2011, 5, 3, 221-227. [all data]

Baharum, Bunawan, et al., 2010
Baharum, S.N.; Bunawan, H.; Ghani, M.A.; Mustafa, W.A.W.; Noor, N.M., Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Polygonum minus Huds. using two-dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), Molecules, 2010, 15, 10, 7006-7015, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107006 . [all data]

Dib, Djabou, et al., 2010
Dib, M.ElA.; Djabou, N.; Desjobert, L.-M.; Allali, H.; Tabti, B.; Muselli, A.; Costa, J., Characterization of volatile compounds of Daucus crinitus Desf. headspace solid phase microextraction as alternative technique to hydrodistillation, Chem, Centr. J., 2010, 4, 16, 1-15. [all data]

Kahriman, Tosun, et al., 2010
Kahriman, N.; Tosun, G.; Genc, H.; Yayli, N., Comparative essential oil analysis of Geranium sylvaticum estracted by hydrodistillation and microwave distillation, Turk. J. Chem., 2010, 34, 969-976. [all data]

Miyazawa, Kawauchi, et al., 2010
Miyazawa, M.; Kawauchi, Y.; Utsumi, Y.; Takahashi, T., Character impact odorants of wild edible plant - Cacalia hastata L. var. orientalis - used in Japanese traditional food, J. Oleo Sci., 2010, 59, 10, 527-533, https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.59.527 . [all data]

Ogunwande, Flamini, et al., 2010
Ogunwande, I.A.; Flamini, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Omikorede, O.; Azeez, R.A.; Ayodele, A.A.; Kamil, Y.O., Aromatic plants growing in Nigeria: essential oil constituents of Cassia alata (Linn.) Roxb. and Helianthus annuus L., Rec. Nat. Prod., 2010, 4, 4, 211-217. [all data]

Radulovic, Blagojevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.; Blagojevic, P.; Palic, R., Comparative study of the leaf volatiles of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae), Molecules, 2010, 15, 9, 6168-6185, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096168 . [all data]

Radulovic, Dordevic, et al., 2010
Radulovic, N.S.; Dordevic, N.D.; Palic, R.M., Volatiles of Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm. (Apiaceae), J. Serbian Chem. Soc., 2010, 75, 12, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC100323127R . [all data]

Scandinaro, Tranchida, et al., 2010
Scandinaro, M.; Tranchida, P.Q.; Costa, R.; Dugo, P.; Mondello, L., Rapid Quality Control of Flavours and Fragrances using Fast GC-MS and Multi-MS Library Search Procedures, LCGC Europe, 2010, 23, 9, 456-464. [all data]

Watcharananun, Cadwallader, et al., 2009
Watcharananun, W.; Cadwallader, K.R.; Huangrak, K.; Kim, H.; Lorjaroenphon, Y., Identification of predominant odorants in Thai desserts flavored by smoking with Tian Op, a traditional Thai scented candle, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 3, 996-1005, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802674c . [all data]

Paolini, Tomi, et al., 2008
Paolini, J.; Tomi, P.; Bernardini, A.-F.; Bradesi, P.; Casanova, J.; Kaloustian, J., Detailed analysis of the essential oil from Cistus albidus L. by combination of GC/RI, GC/MS and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 2008, 22, 14, 1270-1278. [all data]

Wang, Yi, et al., 2008
Wang, Y.; Yi, L.; Liang, Y.; Li, H.; Yuan, D.; Gao, H.; Zeng, M., Comparative analysis of essential oil components in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by GC-MS combined with chemometric resolution method, J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Anal., 2008, 46, 1, 66-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.030 . [all data]

Ferhat, Meklati, et al., 2007
Ferhat, M.A.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chemat, F., Comparison of different isolation methods of essential oil from Citrus fruits: cold pressing, hydrodistillation and microwave dry distillation, Flavour Fragr. J., 2007, 22, 6, 494-504, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1829 . [all data]

Ferhat, Tigrine-Kordjani, et al., 2007
Ferhat, M.A.; Tigrine-Kordjani, N.; Chemat, S.; Meklati, B.Y.; Chemat, F., Rapid Extraction of Volatile Compounds Using a New Simultaneous Microwave Distillation: Solvent Extraction Device, Chromatographia, 2007, 65, 3-4, 217-222, https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-006-0130-5 . [all data]

Lan Phi N.T., Nishiyama C., et al., 2006
Lan Phi N.T.; Nishiyama C.; Choi H.-S.; Sawamura M., Evaluation of aroma characteristic compounds of Citrus natsudaidai Hayata (Natsudaidai) cold-pressed peel oil, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2006, 70, 8, 1832-1838, https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.50705 . [all data]

Najafpour Navaei, Mirza, et al., 2006
Najafpour Navaei, M.; Mirza, M.; Dini, M., Chemical composition of the essential oils of Rubia tinctorum L. aerial parts from Iran, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 3, 519-520, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1667 . [all data]

Pandey-Rai S., Mallavarapu G.R., et al., 2006
Pandey-Rai S.; Mallavarapu G.R.; Naqvi A.A.; Yadav A.; Rai S.K.; Srivastava S.; Singh D.; Mishra R.; Kumar S., Volatile components of leaves and flowers of periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don from New Delhi, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 3, 427-430, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1606 . [all data]

Pino, Marquez, et al., 2006
Pino, J.A.; Marquez, E.; Marbot, R., Volatile constituents from tea of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), Rev. CENIC Ciencias Quimicas, 2006, 37, 3, 127-129. [all data]

Pino, Marbot, et al., 2006
Pino, J.A.; Marbot, R.; Payo, A.; Chao, D.; Herrera, P., Aromatic Plants from Western Cuba VII. Composition of the Leaf Oil of Psidium wrightii KRug et Urb., Lantana involucrata L., Cinnamonum montanum (Sw.) Berchtold et J. Persl. and Caesalpinia violacea (Mill.) Standley, J. Essent. Oil. Res., 2006, 18, 2, 170-174, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699058 . [all data]

Senatore, Landolfi, et al., 2006
Senatore, F.; Landolfi, S.; Celik, S.; Bruno, M., Volatile components of Centaurea calcitrapa L. and Centaurea sphaerocephala L. ssp. sphaerocephala, two Asteraceae growing wild in Sicily, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 282-285, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1585 . [all data]

Shafi, Jose, et al., 2006
Shafi, P.M.; Jose, B.; Radhamani, K.T.; Clery, R.A., Influence of pH on essential oil composition of Zanthoxylum rhetsa seeds obtained by steam distillation, Flavour Fragr. J., 2006, 21, 2, 317-318, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1598 . [all data]

Bendimerad and Bendiab, 2005
Bendimerad, N.; Bendiab, S.A.T., Composition and antibacterial activity of Pseudocytisus integrifolius (Salisb.) essential oil from Algeria, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53, 8, 2947-2952, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf047937u . [all data]

Rohloff and Bones, 2005
Rohloff, J.; Bones, A.M., Volatile profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana - Putative olfactory compounds in plant communication, Phytochemistry, 2005, 66, 16, 1941-1955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.021 . [all data]

Sarkhail, Amin, et al., 2005
Sarkhail, P.; Amin, G.; Surmaghi, M.H.S.; Shafiee, A., Composition of the volatile oils of Phlomis lanceolata Boiss. Hohen., Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. and Phlomis bruguieri Desf. from Iran, Flavour Fragr. J., 2005, 20, 3, 327-329, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1427 . [all data]

Choi, 2003
Choi, H.-S., Characterization of citrus unshiu (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) blossom aroma by solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with an electronic nose, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51, 2, 418-423, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0114280 . [all data]

Dhanda, Pegg, et al., 2003
Dhanda, J.S.; Pegg, R.B.; Shand, P.J., Saskatchewan specialty livestock value-added program - Saskatchewan agri-food innovation fund (AFIF) Project #98000016, 2003, retrieved from http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/afif/Projects/19980016.pdf. [all data]

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Notes

Go To: Top, Normal alkane RI, non-polar column, temperature ramp, References

Symbols used in this document:

T_end Final temperature

T_start Initial temperature
Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
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